Essay about Information Processing Theory - 1186 Words

Information Processing Theory Selicia Whidbee-Denmon AED202 April 1, 2012 Tracey Morgado Abstract Information Processing Theory The information processing theory is a group of theoretical frame works that address how the human beings receive, think about, mentally, modify and remember information and how such cognitive processes change over the course of development. (Child development pg.186) Information processing theory emerged in the late 1950s and early 1960s and has continued to evolve in the decades that have followed. (Child development pg.186) The five key components in the information process theory are sensation, perception, sensory register, working memory, and long-term memory. Sensation is the physiological†¦show more content†¦Then the information goes to working memory, which allows that active information to stay around for a few seconds. After that, in-depth processing begins making connections between new information and existing knowledge through rehearsal, organization, and elaboration. Last is the long-term memory which now stores the information for retrieval at a later day and time. Input from the environment is what keeps information going in the model. As a child grows, the child’s information becomes more complex, the distractions start to decrease and the attention span becomes longer. Children begin to process more and more and faster. The information process theory is used by researchers to study cognitive development in children. They have focused on areas such as the gradual improvements in children’s ability to take in information and focus selectively on certain parts of it and their increase attention spans and capacity for memory storage. (Ken R. Wells, healthofchildren.com) Infants-two years old As babies come into the world, they learn to use their senses to explore the world around them. Most newborns focus on and follow objects. Babies also see all colors, then they start recognizing faces and they also start imitating facial expressions of others. My four month old baby did see the different objects and tried to reach out to them. When he sees something new, he will touch it and then try to put it in his mouth. Or when heShow MoreRelatedInformation Processing Theory2838 Words   |  12 PagesThe information processing theory approach to the study of cognitive development evolved out of the American experimental tradition in psychology. Developmental psychologists who adopt the information-processing perspective account for mental development in terms of maturation changes in basic components of a child’s mind. The theory is based on the idea that humans process the information they receive, rather than merely responding to stimuli. This perspective equates the mi nd to a computer, whichRead MoreInformation Processing Theory2744 Words   |  11 PagesEntertaining Speech An entertaining speech is one whose sole purpose is to have the audience enjoy the presentation. The purpose of an entertaining speech is not to educate, inform or inspire †¦ it is to make the audience smile, relax, enjoy and maybe even laugh their heads off. How do you make a speech entertaining? There are many ways to entertain an audience. You can: * tell jokes * tell funny stories * dramatize an anecdote * tell a scary story When it comes right down toRead MoreThe Theory, Cognitive, And Information Processing911 Words   |  4 Pagesthrough experience. Each person has a unique way of learning, and for a child, it is the teacher s responsibility to understand how each child learns. There are several different learning theories. However, we will be discussing these three main theories Behavioral, Social Cognitive, and Information Processing. Behaviorism is everything that we can directly observe. According to the text on page 308, For the behaviorist, behavior is everything that we do, both verbal or nonverbal, thatRead MoreThe Social Information Processing Theory Essay2258 Words   |  10 Pagesliterary sources reviewed, researchers conducted independent studies that provide insight into the relationship between MMC and an increased aversion to in-person communication. Originally based on early computer technology, the social information processing theory (SIP), developed by Joseph Walther (Griffin, 2012) in the early 1990’s, derived from relevance from the asynchronous nature of computer mediated communication at the time. As technology has evolved, computers are no longer the only deviceRead MoreUnderstanding Piaget Theory And Information Processing Theory1208 Words   |  5 Pagesof Cognitive theories has many different aspects that have been debated many years ago. Developmental psychologists try to explain cognitive development approaches which describe the process of human s thought. One of the developmental psychologist who studied on the area of cognitive was Jean Piaget. Jean Piaget a Swiss psychologist was the first developmental researcher who has extensive research on cognitive development. In addition, the revolution of Jean Piaget’s cognitive theory has changedRead MoreStages of Learning and Information Processing Theory1694 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Basketball Research Report [Type the document subtitle] 3/21/2014 18218 Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 2 2.0 Stages of Learning 2/3 3.0 Information Processing Theory 3 4.0 Feedback 4 5.0 Conclusion 4 6.0 Appendices 5/6 7.0 Reference List 7 1.0 Introduction Motor learning, particularly in the early stages of learning a skill, involves attempts by learners to acquire an idea of the movement, (Gentile, 1972) or understand the basic pattern of coordination (NewellRead MoreNotes On Social Information Processing Theory1746 Words   |  7 PagesCoding Sheets 1 2 (Social Information Processing Theory) Coding Sheet 1 APA citation Lee, J., Lim, Y. (2014). Who says what about whom: Young voters’ impression formation of political candidates on social networking sites. Mass Communication Society, 17(4), 553-572. doi: 10.1018/015205436.2013.816743 Rationale or justification (page #: 553-555, 566-569) This topic is important because it allows us to gauge people’s perception and impressions of certain cues in the web environment. The researchRead MoreInformation Processing Theory: Influencing Cognition983 Words   |  4 PagesInformation Processing Theory: Influencing Cognition Historically, viable theoretical models have been developed and applied throughout the history of the field of psychology in an attempt to better understand how the human mind receives, processes, stores, and retrieves information. Understanding how the human brain receives, processes, stores, and recalls information is significantly important to psychological research of cognitive development and identifying deficiencies in learning. The vastRead MoreSocial Information Processing ( Sip ) Theory972 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Information Processing (SIP) Theory was developed by Joseph Walther and is used to explain how people form relationships across communication technologies. In the development stages, Walther built his theory using key ideas from Social Penetration theory and Uncertainty Reduction theory to aid understanding of SIP’s key concepts. Griffin (2015) explicitly states that SIP theory says that, â€Å"relationships grow only to the extent that parties first gain information about each other and use thatRead MoreModule Information Processing Theory of Learning2021 Words   |  9 PagesModule Information Processing Theory of Learning INTRODUCTION The information processing theory approach to the study of cognitive development evolved out of the American experimental tradition in psychology. Information processing theorists proposed that like the computer, the human mind is a system that processes information through the application of logical rules and strategies. Like the computer, the mind has a limited capacity for the amount and nature of the information it can process Objectives

Organizational Culture Management Theories †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Organizational Culture Management Theories? Answer: Introduction Ursula Burns was the Ex-Chairwoman of Xerox Corporations since 2010 and was ex-CEO from 2009 to 2016. She was the first African-American woman who headed Fortune 500 Company. She succeeded Anne Mulcahy and became the 22nd most powerful woman in the world as rated by Forbes. She led a workforce of more than 140,000 employees who served clients over 160 companies. She exhibited missionary leadership style where she encouraged her employees to give their best and reflected optimistic personality. Therefore, the following report involves the exploration of the chosen leader, Ursula Marketing, leadership style and theories, organizational culture and change management theories. Ursula Burns: Leadership style Ursula Burns started her career at Xerox in 1980 when she joined as summer intern and joined the company permanently in 1981. In January 1990, she made an unexpected turn and became senior executive. Later in June, she became the executive assistant to chairperson and finally chief executive. In 2009, she became the CEO and continued until May 2010. She got married to Lloyd Bean residing at Manhattan (Humphrey 2013). Gone are those days of autocratic dictation and Ursula Burns is the prime example. Her recruitment as CEO marked the major milestones. She became the first African-American woman, CEO of an esteemed organization and secondly, she became the first woman to succeed another woman at the top position of such a large size company. Her leadership trait exhibited authenticity and self-awareness. Her positive personality resonated with her employees and the community. She is humble, open and grounded. She has profound knowledge about technology along with sharp humour, frankness and willingness to take challenges. She is an example of such kind of leaders who is not egocentric and self-serving, rather assertive in helping the employees (Byrnes and Crockett 2009). The missionary leadership style of Ursula is aimed at aspiring to succeed and significance. She believed that it is important to build something original, meaningful rather than winning and beating others in the competition. It is about making an impact and difference rather than making money. Her leadership style depicts that human values are important driving success rather than economic value. Therefore, she is different from the classic entrepreneurs and take risks, although, it is short-term and makes less impact than expected. This set her apart from the other leaders who just run the companies, but she aims to run the company to a cause. Helping others and human values are the things that matter in this leadership style. She prioritizes the building of relationships rather than making money and business. She reflected on her own values, morals and priorities in life (Shambora 2009). The power of leadership that she possess is built upon values, honesty and being straightforward. She has the power of culture that helped her to succeed in her business. The good times are strengthened, diversified teamwork and changing the bad times became the culture itself in the organization. This is the reason missionary style helped her to know the employees and motivate them to know what they are. This power of vision helped her to get gain the highest success and exceed forward. When they shared a common goal, it recognized the power of people and helped them serve customers better making them the centre to everything. She understood the value of leadership being honest, consistent and forceful (Gilbert, Eyring and Foster 2012). Ursula Burns followed unique leadership traits that made her a successful leader as she listens to her employees, authentic, measure goals for better outcomes in making decisions and help employees to enjoy their job so that they can have most success. Reddins 3-D Theory (Missionary) This theory was developed through the modification of Blake and Monton Managerial Grid Theory. It explains that in missionary leadership style, the individual enjoys a friendly relationship with others in the organization. This leadership style was adopted by Ursula Burns where she valued her employees and involved them in the decision making process. According to this theory, the missionary style is unique that believes in harmony and value humanity. It is a supportive and an effective approach where it emphasizes on promoting positive climate and congeniality at the workplaces. The missionary style leaders try to keep their employees happy and provide supportive behaviour rather than defensive counterpart (Bonilla-Rodriguez 2016). From the Reddins 3-D theory of management, missionary leadership style is the empowerment of others working in harmony. The goal of this type of leadership is to become critical thinkers who empower staffs and involve them in the decision-making process. The leader creates a collective purpose and become active members in the organization. Committed and creative staffs are the most important asset as compared to the development brought by an administrator (Limbare 2012). With the same vision, Ursula Burns brought the highly motivated employees together, each with a common vision and moulded them into a team with single vision. This task is challenging, yet rewarding where all the employees are set out to work impossible against odds and a team is formed that have sense of fulfilment and successful. She promoted vision, directed people, promoted good working condition and work together to pursue the companys wishes and goals (Pawar 2014). Criticism of missionary leadership style However, this missionary leadership style is less effective than other leadership style. Audit are charismatic leaders who are proven activators, however they lack follow-through in terms of execution. These leaders might miss on the practical and finer technical details as they focus on human relationships and values. They are also criticised as self-promoting leaders, however, it has its own strengths. They inspire their followers to act and head towards the goals. The key phrase for these leaders is working together that helps them to connect together and work in achieving goals (Pea-Acua 2017). This is the reason Ursula Burns is highly appealing to her followers and her leadership style help to forge lasting relationships in business. As these leaders respect human values, they are easily approachable and help to build strong relationships with the followers. Transformational leadership theory Missionary leadership style aligns with the transformational leadership where the leaders and their followers work together to achieve the highest level of motivation and morality. They are driven by commitment to the cause and convictions. The transformational leaders set clear goals and have high expectations from the employees and organization. Ursula Burns and her ideas went into process that helped her to become a transformational leader by creating a clear vision that is inspiring and far-sighted (Garca-Morales, Jimnez-Barrionuevo and Gutirrez-Gutirrez 2012). She motivated her people to deliver the vision by building trustworthy and strong relationships. This leadership theory explains that the leaders create a high performing workforce and inspire people to work beyond the requirements of the task. The transformational leaders have a charismatic appeal who works with people to change the way an organization works (Sadeghi and Pihie 2012). There is a consistent mission, vision, and leader guide follower by giving them a sense of challenge and meaning. They are creative and innovative in nature that encourage ideas from people and focus on problems rather than on the blaming part. This made her a transformational leader where she motivated her employees and pulled the organization from brink of failure. Followers and Organizational change To follow the missionary leadership style was not easy for Mrs Burns. They have to face resistance and challenges in building an effective team of motivated employees. When she joined as the CEO of Xerox Corporations, she put all her leadership advice into test. She did not try to put an end to all the problems, rather tried to find solutions. She started building her teams and set a clear picture of the hurdles that Xerox is experiencing from outside. There was a lot of change witnessed at the Company and she tried to build a great and diverse team whom she can trust, listen and get honest critic on which she could rely on. She believed in trusting and listening to her team that she considered is the key to success and helped her become an effective leader (Cornileus 2013). Employees at Xerox greeted her with open heart as she created a philosophy on how to grab opportunity and take individual responsibilities. She made people work, think and talk together so that they can be brough t into discussion and propose a clear vision. She made her followers believe that an insider (employee) can bring the change rather than an outsider and that brought incomparable institutional knowledge and deep well of trust and respect in the organization (Lee et al. 2014). Every organization has a culture depending on its diversity and strength influencing behaviour and attitude of the organization. To change something, resistance and barriers are encountered at every step. Organizational culture is defined as the system of meaning that are shared by the employees distinguishing one from the other organizations. When she joined as CEO, she brought about two changes in the organization by taking initiatives in two directions: getting Xerox into the domain of information technology and in 2011, she introduced the Xerox Cloud that includes business process management and mobile printing. She also took initiative for the cultural change management from terminal niceness to embracing frankness and risk-taking (nytimes.com 2017). The old Xerox culture of terminal niceness offers counter production to growth and innovation. She maintained a delicate balance between frankness and civility that requires humility. This made a change at Xerox where employees were open, honest and decisive. She focused on innovation and inculcated the risk-taking behaviour in her employees. The decisions taken within the organization is people and team oriented so that the outcomes have positive effects on the people. She believed that where one is, is not the person one is. One has to perform his or her own responsibilities and that she tried to make the Xerox culture. Ursula had to face many challenges from the competitors like digital imaging and so the company had to focus on the information technology and client services business. She was able to establish this transition as there was diversity of ranks and opinions within the diversified workforce in the organization. Ursulas leadership style greatly motivated her employees and that led to the productivity at Xerox and sustainable business. The main leadership trait of Ursula is that she instilled self-motivation and transformed the employees towards the accomplishment of organizational goals (businesstoday.in 2017). Change management Ursula Burns followed the theory of being nice to neighbours that means to run a successful business; one has to maintain good relations on a global basis. This led to the sustainability and became a part of customer value proposition as well as the associated working communities. The diverse workforce along with active, passionate, dedicated and engaged workforce helped to manage the change that was initiated in the organization. She made a diversified and leading workforce that worked to sustain the change and maintain position at the Fortune 500. The repositioning and change brought in the organization was strong and fast enough being sustained and confirmed (Cuthbertson, Furseth and Ezell 2015). It offered a brand new range of opportunities and growth for the employees and organization as a whole. The diversification and community engagement helped the company to manage and sustain change in the organization. This diversity was the key success for Xerox that helped the company to achieve its societal and financial goals. Xerox is more than a photocopying company now. Employees at Xerox have a sense of importance in the decision-making that led to a profitable, sustainable and successful business (Ndubuizu and Britton 2016). Conclusion Missionary leadership style of Ursula operated in a way where the employees received positive motivation for performing well. Her leadership style worked well as she possess personality trait to bring out the best in her employees. She exhibited missionary leadership style where she encouraged her employees to give their best and reflected optimistic personality. She brought the highly motivated employees together, each with a common vision and moulded them into a team with single vision. She brought information technology and mobile printing at Xerox after joining as the CEO. Therefore, her leadership style brought an organizational change and that helped in the change management at the company. References Bonilla-Rodriguez, D.M., 2016. Latinas in the Workplace: Creating a Path of Success.Gender, economics, and Ethnicity in the Workplace: Emerging Issues and Enduring Challenges: Emerging Issues and Enduring Challenges, p.339. businesstoday.in (2017).Ursula Burns on Xerox's transformation to a products and services company. [online] Businesstoday.in. Available at: https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/features/interview-with-xerox-ursula-burns/story/198431.html [Accessed 13 Sep. 2017]. Byrnes, N. and Crockett, R.O., 2009. Ursula Burns: An historic succession at xerox.Bloomberg Business, May,28. Cornileus, T.H., 2013. Ima Black man and Im doing this job very well: How African American professional men negotiate the impact of racism on their career development.Journal of African American Studies,17(4), pp.444-460. Cuthbertson, R., Furseth, P.I. and Ezell, S.J., 2015. Kodak and Xerox: How High Risk Aversion Kills Companies. InInnovating in a Service-Driven Economy(pp. 166-179). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Garca-Morales, V.J., Jimnez-Barrionuevo, M.M. and Gutirrez-Gutirrez, L., 2012. Transformational leadership influence on organizational performance through organizational learning and innovation.Journal of business research,65(7), pp.1040-1050. Gilbert, C., Eyring, M. and Foster, R.N., 2012. Two routes to resilience.Harvard Business Review,90(12), pp.65-73. Humphrey, R.H., 2013.Effective leadership: Theory, cases, and applications. SAGE Publications. Lee, L.P., Liu, H.W., Shi, D.M., Khoo, C.S. and Pang, N., 2014. Developing a Framework for Analyzing Organizational Stories.LIBRES: Library and Information Science Research Electronic Journal,24(1), p.34. Limbare, S., 2012. Leadership styles conflict management styles of executives.Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, pp.172-180. Ndubuizu, R. and Britton, D.M., 2016. Ursula Burns.Junctures in Women's Leadership: Business, p.92. nytimes.com (2017).Ursula Burns, Aiming to Redefine the Xerox Culture - NYTimes.com. [online] Nytimes.com. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/21/business/21xerox.html?pagewanted=allmcubz=0 [Accessed 13 Sep. 2017]. Pawar, D., 2014. Styles of Leadership.International Journal of Research in all Subjects in Multi Languages,2(7), pp.12-14. Pea-Acua, B., 2017. Critical Revision of Leadership Styles in Management and Company Cases. InContemporary Leadership Challenges. InTech. Sadeghi, A. and Pihie, Z.A.L., 2012. Transformational leadership and its predictive effects on leadership effectiveness.International Journal of Business and Social Science,3(7). Shambora, J., 2009. Xerox next CEO: Ursula Burns.Fortune Magazine,22.

s Foriegn Policy

Nixon’s Foreign Policy Richard Milhous Nixon was elected President of the United States in 1968. In a low-key campaign, Nixon promised to bring peace with honor in Vietnam and to unite a nation deeply divided by the Vietnam War. Nixon defeated his two opponents, Hubert Humphrey and George Wallace. Nixon entered office in the midst of one of the gravest foreign policy crisis in American history. The Cold War was at its height, hundreds of thousands of American troops were in Vietnam, and the views of society were split down the middle. Nixon with the help of his National Security Advisor (and later became in 1973 Nixon’s Secretary of State) Henry Kissinger felt that it was crucial to change American foreign policy. Nixon and Kissinger felt it was vital to support our interest in the long run, Nixon and Kissinger considered it essential to have a balance of power throughout the world in order to ensure peace as well prosperity. One has to take into consideration geopolitics when discussing balance of power. The main purpose is stability by using different political philosophies based on geography, and self interest. If the main powers pursued their self interest rationally and predictably, and equilibrium would emerge from the conflicting interest (Cowan, par.1). Nixon knew that a strong America was essential to a global balance, and counted on stability to create it. Nixon believed there were three key factors essential to keeping peace: partnership, strength and a willingness to negotiate. Nixon imagined a future in which more pleasant relations among the major powers- the United States, the Soviet Union, China, Western Europe, and Japan- would allow for ventures profitable to all. Through international cooperation these nations might reduce revenue-draining Defense expenditures and prevent the occurrence of costly Third World conflicts such as the Vietnam War (â€Å"Nixon†). Nix... 's Foriegn Policy Free Essays on Nixon\'s Foriegn Policy Nixon’s Foreign Policy Richard Milhous Nixon was elected President of the United States in 1968. In a low-key campaign, Nixon promised to bring peace with honor in Vietnam and to unite a nation deeply divided by the Vietnam War. Nixon defeated his two opponents, Hubert Humphrey and George Wallace. Nixon entered office in the midst of one of the gravest foreign policy crisis in American history. The Cold War was at its height, hundreds of thousands of American troops were in Vietnam, and the views of society were split down the middle. Nixon with the help of his National Security Advisor (and later became in 1973 Nixon’s Secretary of State) Henry Kissinger felt that it was crucial to change American foreign policy. Nixon and Kissinger felt it was vital to support our interest in the long run, Nixon and Kissinger considered it essential to have a balance of power throughout the world in order to ensure peace as well prosperity. One has to take into consideration geopolitics when discussing balance of power. The main purpose is stability by using different political philosophies based on geography, and self interest. If the main powers pursued their self interest rationally and predictably, and equilibrium would emerge from the conflicting interest (Cowan, par.1). Nixon knew that a strong America was essential to a global balance, and counted on stability to create it. Nixon believed there were three key factors essential to keeping peace: partnership, strength and a willingness to negotiate. Nixon imagined a future in which more pleasant relations among the major powers- the United States, the Soviet Union, China, Western Europe, and Japan- would allow for ventures profitable to all. Through international cooperation these nations might reduce revenue-draining Defense expenditures and prevent the occurrence of costly Third World conflicts such as the Vietnam War (â€Å"Nixon†). Nix...

You Can See It Coming essays

You Can See It Coming essays If you have ever read John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men I highly recommend reading it a second time. The first time you read this Steinbeck grabs and pulls you into the story with his extensive use of and very complete descriptions of both people and places. The second time you read it you begin to pick up on some of the more intriguing plots within the story. With the death of Candys dog he begins to realize that if he does not begin making plans for his future his fate may end up reflecting he dogs. It doesnt end with that. From this same realization and the conversations that follow foreshadow George killing Lennie himself as opposed to letting Curley find him at the end of the story. Candy is an older man. One who is really getting up there in years. He wont be able to work on the ranch much longer. As Carlson states to Candy, Got no teeth. Hes all still with rheumatism. He aint no good to you, Candy (44). Its not like Candy would really need his teeth to do his job, but he does only have one hand. So when Candy first hears George talking about the stake of land he and Lennie would like to get he chimes in saying, I aint much good with ony one hand. I lost my right hand right here on this ranch (58). Now Candy isnt about to just give up on his dog. He loves his dog and this can be seen as he states, Well-hell! I had him so long. Had him since he was a pup (44). After a few moments of discussion with Carlson and Slim he gives in, allowing Carlson to kill the dog with his Lugar . It didnt take too much convincing from the gentlemen until Candy gave in. What if the same comes of Candy with his job? When the boss decides Candy is too old to work or some younger guy comes looking for a job that will be the end of his employment and he knows it too, I wont have no place to go, an I ca...

Why should we think sociologically about everyday life Discuss by Essay

Why should we think sociologically about everyday life Discuss by drawing on writings by Mills and Bauman - Essay Example According to Bauman (2001), there are characteristics that set sociological thinking apart from other, more commonsense ways of thinking. Sociological thinking questions basic assumptions – it does not take for granted the everyday suppositions that we make; rather, it deconstructs theses assumptions and breaks them down, making them open to debate and differing opinions. Also, such a way of thinking goes beyond just our individual experiences; instead, it tries to explore multiple world views, trying to look at as many different perspectives as possible, respecting and accepting that difference of opinion will always exist. Another difference between sociological thinking and other kinds of thinking are that when trying to explore human behavior, such a way of thinking does not limit itself to individual experience, but instead, looks at societal behavior as a basis for explaining human behavior. Lastly, sociological thinking is structured in such a way that it bases its argu ments by backing it up with evidence, rather than making claims that are unsupported by facts. So what are the reasons that make it important for us to think sociologically? What can such a thinking do for us and why is it important? One of the most important reasons for thinking sociologically, as Bauman & May (2001) make clear for us, is its emphasis on de-familiarizing ourselves with what we have come to take as granted. What this does is that it opens us up to differing perspectives, allowing us to think beyond what we have taken to be our reality. â€Å"To all those who think that living life in a more conscious way is worth the effort, sociology is a welcome guide† (Bauman & May 2001). Sociological thinking is reflective and perceptive; it encourages us to look at the world in new ways, exploring and understanding issues from multiple perspectives, always accepting the fact that people will hold different opinions, depending on their own individual experiences and social

Article Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Article - Research Paper Example The settlement of the dispute was fair. This is because the judge followed the law of the Loose-Fish which states that when a fish is loose, it is fair game to whosoever catches it first (Fast-fish and Loose-fish 575). Since the plaintiffs had forsaken their boats and lines with the whale, the whale was no longer in their custody, thus loose. The article is about possession of property. The article talks about the universal undisputable laws, whether written or unwritten, that are used to solve any disputes that arise over the ownership of property. That is the main theme of the article. The article also discusses a dispute, whereby the judge used the law of Loose-Fish to give a ruling. In addition, the article discusses the common person’s feelings towards the laws of possessing property and gives different examples of situations where the law was applied and how the law seems unfair in most situations. â€Å"Fast-fish and Loose-fish.† n.d. Web. Accessed 15Th September 2014.

Rome and Juliet Essay Example for Free

Rome and Juliet Essay The prologue is the introduction, which gives an overview of the play. It tells us what happens at the end of the play, in this case in Romeo and Juliet it is told in the introduction, for example the lines, a pair of star-crossd lovers take their life, doth with their death bury their parents strife. These two lines say that Romeo and Juliet both deep in love with each other, die at the end of the play, the reason being that their parents hated each other. It also sets the scene of Fair Verona and it explains the contents of the play, Two households, and break to new mutiny. The prologue is said by the chorus. This means it is an idea of a group of people taken from ancient Greek tradition. The prologue does not introduce the audience to the characters in the play; it just talks briefly about the events within the play. It is self consciously dramatic. It emphasises its purpose in telling the story, Is now the two hours traffic of our stage. It directly tells the audience to pay attention, The which if you with patient ears attend, what here shall miss, our toil shall strive to mend, and the play will develop from what the prologue has been revealing. In Franco Zefirellis production of Romeo and Juliet, the prologue is very brief and short. The film starts off with the details, the opening credits. The font to the credits is in white and in a quite gothic style of writing making it fit in with the traditional theme. While the details are slowly appearing on the screen, around the screen there is a thin border of orange geometric shapes on a yellow background. As the border is so bright and colourful, it is able to immediately catch the audiences eyes and therefore grabs their attention. The border suggests a very sixties styles. You would probably expect a more formal, dark edged kind of border. A soft and slow melody played on a harpsichord plays quietly in the background. The effect that Zefirelli tries to create here is to create a nice calm beginning to the play. In shot one, you can see the camera panning over the city of Fair Verona and slightly out of focus. The light is blue and hazy, gradually brightening up as the camera pans, suggesting that it is dawn. The colour of the light in the sky shining over the city, creates a dreamy and peaceful effect, and adds to the beauty of the city that is being shown. You could only just make out the tops of tall buildings and churches at first, but as it gradually gets lighter, the buildings and other features become more into focus. The rooftops of houses, church spires and a river are seen clearly. You are able to feel the quietness of the city in the early morning, which again gives the effect of the city being very calm and peaceful. The camera pans round the whole city, and then moves up towards the sun and stop with the sun being directly in the middle of the screen shot. The sun suggests the hot foreign climate of a hot foreign country, such as Italy. Shakespeares name appears when the camera has stop panning and focused on the sun. All of this equals one continuos shot. The panning is slow, and the brightening of the day is slow, creating a slow pace to the shot. It gives me the impression of a slow climax to the prologue, getting more and more intense as it goes along, and stopping at the sun gives me the impression that it represents the end, with an either tragic end or a very happy end. I think that it is trying to relate to the whole play itself, with the gradual climax with an intense ending. Throughout shot one, the speaker slowly recites the prologue in a poetic style. He speaks slowly going with the steady flow of the slow motion of the panning of the camera, so that it would not effect the backgrounds creation of peace. The speaker of the prologue is a man whose voice is gentle, soothing and rhythmic as he echoes the prologue. He still speaks when going into the second shot. Shot two is of a medieval courtyard. In front of the courtyard there is the city wall with battlements made of stone and brick, which gives the impression of the setting being in the medieval times. The camera stops moving and shows the shot of the courtyard while the speaker finishes reciting the prologue. As he completes his speech of the prologue, the camera moves slightly round to the left, which shows that where the camera is next to the city wall, it is also one of the ends of a busy marketplace. The suns golden bright morning light shines over the city wall and through the street of the marketplace, representing that it is the start of a new day. The sound of the hustle and bustle of a busy marketplace gradually builds up and the first act of the first scene begins there. This effect is to bring in the play with a more calm start and not rushing into the play with a different shot, bringing the audience into a slow and calm beginning. Zefirelli does not create any huge special effects. The title of the play, Romeo and Juliet appears as the speaker says the words star-crossed lovers. Zefirellis purpose of having the title and the words star-crossed lovers coming up at the same time, is to reinforce visually and aurally the main point of the play that it is a tragic story about the lovers Romeo and Juliet. Baz Luhrmanns version of the prologue is done in much more detail and is emphasised a huge amount more. Luhrmann tries to grab the attention of the audience with very fast moving screen shots and very lively music. The first shot that comes up on the screen is of a TV with a blank screen, and the distance between the camera and the TV is very far, making the TV look very small in the distance. The first sound is the fuzziness of a TV, and then on the screen of the TV, the opening credits are displayed on white tiles with a black background. The contrast between the colours gives a very sharp effect. This gives a very different first effect on the audience compared to Zefirellis opening shot. Luhrmanns first shot of the bold white tiles with a black background, gets the audiences attention straight away. After the credits, a female newsreader appears on the TV screen, and she reads aloud the prologue. She says the prologue like reading aloud a news report rather than in a poetic sonnet way. This makes the prologue subtle and it makes the audience think twice before realising that it is the prologue that she is saying. The subtle speaking of the prologue differs with Zefirellis make of the prologue being obvious to opening up the film. Beside the newsreader in the background, there is a small picture with some text underneath it. As the camera is in the far distance, it makes it hard to see what the picture and text are, which makes the audience wonder what it is. While the newsreader is saying the prologue, the camera subtly zooms in directly towards the screen, and the picture in the corner gradually comes into focus. The picture is of a broken ring with the text underneath it saying Star crossd lovers. The symbolism of the broken ring is that the lovers end up being torn away from each other. After the newsreader says the twelfth line of the prologue, the camera suddenly picks up speeds and zooms right into the TV screen, through a high street. At the same time the words, Fair Verona constantly flashes up in white with a black background. From the zooming, it has merged from one background into another. This sudden pick up of speed would as if wake up the audience and shocking them as the screen had suddenly gone from one shot to another. This is very unlike Zefirellis presentation of the prologue, as he keeps his prologue simple and calm all the way through, whereas Luhrmann uses the effect of zooming and flashing words up creating a dramatic scene. The reason of flashing the words, Fair Verona while the camera rushes down the high street, is to make the audience understand the comparison and realise exactly how fair Verona really is in his version of the film. It shows a decaying urban landscape contradicting fair Verona. The font style of the writing is bold like Arial, and is in block capitals, making it clear to the audience what it says. In Zefirellis, as the camera pans over the city, you can see that Verona is very pretty and fair, as the prologue says it is. As the camera reaches the end of the street, the camera is suddenly focused on the face of a statue, which was far in the distance from where the zooming into the street began. Very dramatic music starts to be played loudly, which produces a bigger effect on grabbing the audiences attention. The camera then pulls back to view the tops of two corporate buildings with the statue in the middle. The buildings have big signs on the top of them. They are the names of the two households, Capulet and Montague. They are in different colours, Capulet in red and Montague in blue. The differences in the colours emphasise the difference between the two. The effect of having the statue splitting the two buildings up is to make the point clear, that the two households need something or someone to keep them apart to avoid causing major trouble in the city, as they absolutely despise each other. The statue shown actually represents Jesus Christ. It is Jesus Christ who is trying to control the families and bringing some peace to the city. In Zefirellis version, the point that the two families cannot stand each other is not emphasised. As the prologue is said in the same tone and way all the way through and the pictures are just of how fair Verona is, does not give a definite and clear point that the two households are major enemies. Luhrmann makes it visual to the audience, the hate between the two families. The next part of the introduction to Luhrmanns production of Romeo and Juliet, is of a rapid chain of clips from one to the other including clips of police cars with VBPD on the side of them standing for Verona Beach Police Department. This is shown to tell the audience that this is Verona Beach and not fair Verona. The chain of clips also includes clips of helicopters, clips of the disaster from different viewpoints, some far up in the sky, some close up to casualties who were injured, and the damage done to the city by this one disaster brought up because of the hate between the Capulets and the Montagues. The disaster is emphasised in this rapid succession of clips, to stress how much damage can be caused by one incident done by the two families. It also makes the audience think and imagine if this one incident caused so much damage, the amount of damage that they probably had done to the city in the past and what would be done in the future. The prologue is said once again while another variety of images using other media of newspaper articles and magazine covers appear. This time, the prologue is said by a character whom is actually in the play, referring to how the prologue is traditionally said by the chorus. The character who speaks the prologue is Friar Lawrence, and he says it in a poetic way, and this time the rhythm of a sonnet is emphasised. A man with a soft, gentle and low voice speaks the prologue like it is in Zefirellis production. This is one similarity that the two productions have. As he speaks, some words of the prologue is emphasised by magazine headlines appearing, using the effect of spinning one on top of the other. The headlines include New Mutiny and Civil Blood Makes Civil Hands Unclean. These headlines are to tell the audience and remind them the symbolism and reasoning behind each word in the prologue. There is also a faint background of burning flames when these headlines appearing as if showing the damage done. The images however, some are of like modern day newspapers and magazines. The camera slowly pans through a rack of different covers, and the headline of each newspaper and magazine are all referring to the feud caused between the two households, emphasising that they produce big issues in the city. Other images in this group of images include police taking charge of the situation in a live kind of view, showing how fast the police and other services had to respond to reduce the risk of more damage happening. The police and fire departments had to work into the night with the clearing up of the situation. This is known as the images are taken from broad daylight into the dark night. These images give the audience a visual understanding of how bad it is of the two households hating each other, which can cause so many innocent people in the city to be harmed. As the speaking of the prologue comes to an end, with the two lines A pair of star crossd lovers, take their life with the lines shown in white writing on a black background. This effect by now would be recognised by the audience by now as it had been used before to state the words Fair Verona. This effect of repeating jogs the audiences memories reminding them again and again the importance of the lines in the prologue. As the prologue stops being spoken, the same dramatic music becomes loud again. Each of the main characters are shown one by one with a pause on each with the text describing who each of the characters are and how they are either related to Romeo or Juliet or what the purpose of the character is in the film. This presentation of the character echoes the style of how it was done in famous program called Dallas. In Zefirellis version, the characters were not introduced and the film got right into the first scene once the prologue was spoken. A shot of Romeo looking through the narrow gap of a door appears, and then the camera immediately changes its angle to show what he see, which is a church aisle with blue neon crosses and candles. The angles that these two shots were taken were both through a narrow opening of the door. The first shot was taken from the inside of the church looking at Romeo, the man standing outside the door, and the second shot was taken from the outside of the door looking into the church. It emphasises what Romeo had seen, which the audience can assume is Juliet lying on the alter at the end of the aisle, Romeo thinking that she had really died. It also symbolises with that it was the conclusion and the end, viewing Romeo and the crosses, show that they were linked together and producing the idea of death. There was one more series of fast moving clips and a rush of lines as a final wind up to the prologue. There are a variety of different clips of things that happen from the beginning of the play to the end. The repeating of the clips again and again produce permanent images into the minds of the audience. The prologue ends with the words take their life and move onto the first act. The words take their life are stated to tell the audience that the story line would conclude with something relevant to it. I think that it is a new technique Luhrmann has used. He uses the technique of grabbing the attention of the audience and makes them concentrate. The prologue being reinforced by being presented for the third time, does not makes the audience get bored and tire of the clips being seen and seen again, but make them more excited about the film. I think that both Zefirelli and Luhrmann were trying to represent Romeo and Juliet in a different way, with different techniques. The prologue was of course interpreted differently. Zefirelli presented the prologue in his production in a gentle and calm way all the way through giving the audience a good idea of the peace and beauty of Verona. Luhrmann of course presented the prologue in a different way, almost a complete contrast to what Zefirelli did. He changed Fair Verona into urban sprawled Verona. I think that the presentations of the prologue were both appropriate for their interpretations because Zefirelli wanted to keep his production of Romeo and Juliet original and alike Shakespeare. Luhrmann wanted to interpret the play into something slightly more modern and unlike Shakespeares original version. In Luhrmanns production he emphasised the complications between the two households and the alterations he had made to the film, like how he set his production in an urban city and called it Verona Beach instead of setting it in the original city of Verona in Italy.