Essay on The Underdogs - 841 Words

Demetrio Macias, Hope for the Commoners In The Underdogs written by Mariano Azuela, we are introduced to a character that strongly symbolizes the fuel of the Mexican Revolution. Heroes like Demetrio Macias brought the Serranos hope of giving them what they felt they truly deserved. Although Demetrio Macias, the general (colonel) of a rebel army is hunting down the army of Pancho Villa, he seems to have the same ideals as the enemy. In addition to Demetrio Macias, we meet women like Camilla and War Paint who represent the different roles that women played during the Mexican Revolution. The character of Demetrio Macias proves to be quite ironic. One facet of his character reveals his determination to find Pancho Villas army,†¦show more content†¦He quotes Before the revolution, I had my land all plowed, see, and just right for sowing, and if it hadnt been for a little quarrel with Don Macio, the boss of my town, Moyahua, Id be there in a jiffy getting the oxen ready for the sowing, see? (pg. 48) Luis Cervantes explains his cause when he says The triumph of our cause, which is the sublime triumph of Justice, because our ideal-to be free the noble, long suffering people of Mexico-is about to be realized and because those men who have watered the earth with their blood and tears will reap the harvest which is rightfully theirs. (pg. 69) With respect to the degradation of women in The Underdogs, we must profile the two women portrayed in the book. On one hand we have the conservative Camilla, and on the other, we have War Paint. War Paint was the opposite of what society held as the typical woman. War Paint went against the grain, and partook in events which professor Tinsman explained was common for women in the army to do in those days. She drank, swore, and had many lovers like a man. Professor Tinsman also explained the traditional roles that women held in society. Camilla is a great example of the way women acted during this time. The following is an excerpt the is preceded by Luis Cervantes speech about how Camilla should take advantage of Demetrio Macias interest in her. She is not persuaded because she is truly interestedShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Play Topdog / Underdog 1009 Words   |  5 PagesTopdog/ Underdog Analysis In the play Topdog/Underdog, Suzan-Lori Parks tells the audiences a story between to African American brothers. Both of the brothers who are living a hard life of poverty. So both brothers are doing what needs to be done to make ends meet. This plays shows how two brothers struggle for success and respect as the â€Å"topdog†. This play goes to show how jealously can lead to horrible outcomes in the long run. To begin, Topdog/Underdog is about two African-American brothersRead MoreUnit: The Changing Australian Voice (The Man from Snowy River and Municipal Gum)1363 Words   |  6 Pages1000 words T The Changing Australian Voice Rationale ‘The Man from Snowy River’, a Banjo Paterson poem, reflects the values and assumptions of Australians in the 1890’s, demonstrating the concepts of heroism, the fascination with the ‘underdog’, and the romanticisation of the bush in an expressive, traditionally Australian voice which bears in mind the context of that time. Throughout the poem, the romanticisation of the bush is reinforced by use of poetic, linguistic and rhythmic techniquesRead MoreAnalysis Of David And Goliath s The Giants Game 1419 Words   |  6 Pageswhat we think is an advantage becomes a disadvantage. We realize that weakness becomes a strength as we learn to compensate for it. Trying to play the Giants game is rarely successful. To win against the Giants you have to try different strategies. Underdogs fight differently that giants do. When you face you giants these are some possible things that may happen when we face our giants. Introduction You have to adopt a different strategy to win. In life we often miss-read the odds, assuming theyRead More â€Å"Hooray for the Underdog!†1729 Words   |  7 Pagescalled an underdog. The emotional and feelings that comes when you keeo on trying. Being challenged as an underdog amongst peers, family members, even strangers, can have a long lasting effect for someone social being. Being casted as someone who can not measure up to any particular goal or ambitions, usually that person enters a stage of melancholy and loneliness. SHORTEN IT!!! Ever been dubbed the underdog? A society of called the United States of America was claimed to be the underdog from theRead MoreThe Underdogs Essay837 Words   |  4 PagesHIST 342 The Underdogs Second Examination (Part I) Mariano Azuelas The Underdogs tells the story of a dauntless Indian farmer who almost unintentionally rises to a generalship in Pancho Villas rebel army during the Mexican Revolution of 1910. Though the events that occur throughout the book are not actual events that took place during the revolution, Azuela is able to paint a very realistic picture of the revolution and leaves a bitter taste in the mouth of the reader as one witnesses theRead MoreAirborne Express: the Underdog898 Words   |  4 PagesAIRBORNE EXPRESS: THE UNDERDOG CASE STUDY QUESTIONS 1. Analyze the United States small package express delivery industry in the 1990’s using the Porter’s Five Force Model. Rate each of the five forces as either weak, moderate, strong or fierce. Justify your rating by using two factors under each force and describing how these factors affect the strength of the force. The Bargaining Power of Buyers The bargaining power of the buyer was somewhat moderate-to-slightly strong due to theRead MoreMariano Azuelas the Underdogs1512 Words   |  7 PagesMariano Azuela’s The Underdogs, is about a brotherhood of the Mexican people taking a journey with only one thing on their mind; revenge against Huerta and the Federales. In this story, we as the reader are confronted with characters, such as Demetrio Macias, who is destined to lead his people into the depths of retaining an incorrupt lifestyle and hopes to find peace from the effect of war. Although Demetrio is seen as one of the main characters in the novel, we are also briefly engaged in the otherRead MoreThe Underdogs By Mariano Azuela1302 Words   |  6 PagesDon’t Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys† tells the sad, but familiar story of men growing up and leaving their families for reasons they do not fully comprehend. It is the women, however, in the novel The Underdogs, by Mariano Azuela, that understand this all too well. In The Underdogs, the author depicts Northern Mexican villages overrun by the Mexican Revolution sending impromptu soldiers to fight the war, leaving few citizens left behind with essentially nothing. Azuela paints a picture ofRead MoreEssay on The Underdogs by Mariano Azuela958 Words   |  4 PagesAuthor Mariano Azuelas novel of the Mexican revolution, The Underdogs, conveys a fictional representation of the revolution and the effects it had on the Mexican men and women who lived during that time. The revolutionary rebels were composed of different men grouped together to form small militias against the Federalists, in turn sending them on journeys to various towns, for long periods of time. Intense fighting claimed the lives of many, leaving women and children behind to fend for themselvesRead MoreThe Underdogs By Mariano Azuela1416 Words   |  6 PagesThe Underdogs by Mariano Azuela is arguably the most important novel of the Mexican Revolution because of how it profoundly captures the atmosphere and intricacies of the occasion. Although the immediate subject of the novel is Demetrio Macias - a peasant supporter of the Mexican Revolution -, one of its extensive themes is the ambivalence surrounding the revolution in reality as seen from a broader perspective. Although often poetically revered as a ‘beautiful’ revolution, scenes throughout the

How Canada Is A Country Of Diversity, Inclusion, And...

Canada is known to be a country of diversity, inclusion, and acceptance. It is a country that consists of many individuals with various cultures and ethnic backgrounds. To live in Canada, it would be inevitably for one to be working with others that are of a different ethnic/ cultural background in the near future or even currently. Communicating with people or groups of people that group up with different norms, values and beliefs can cause miscommunication. Regardless of whether their communication be verbal, non-verbal or written, subtle differences for each member can create misconceptions and failure in collaborating to meeting the groups end goal. Therefore, this essay is dedicated to outlining practices that are able to assist teams†¦show more content†¦First method of practice when consulting with people of different cultural background is to do research. Educating oneself of the member’s culture will reduce confusion. Before meeting the other members, do rese arch of their cultural background to get an understanding of their values. Although it is impossible to nearly understand all aspects of their culture since each individual are unique, having that idea in mind will help reduce dispute. This is applied to all aspects of communication since the members not only listen to spoken contents but also non-verbal behaviour. To work effectively and efficiently, it is important to understand the values, norms and beliefs of your team members so everyone are able to find a common ground and work towards their goal. This will benefit how they may perceive you as a person. It is important to understand for example, their holidays, their styles of dressing, gift giving, punctuality, forms of greeting, and even negotiation styles. Any small subtle aspects of how one present themselves, may be insulting to another without awareness. In one perspective, it may be to show respect to another, whereas, for the other person, it may be insulting and humil iating. Many times social workers encounter other community services disciplines like children’s aid worker. If a male social worker were to be assigned to work with a children’s aid worker who’s a Muslim women, the social worker’s instincts may be to shake her hand. This

Aaron Burr Essay Example For Students

Aaron Burr Essay I. IntroductionThe events surrounding the Burr Conspiracy were among the first tests of the effectiveness of the United States democracy. II. Aaron BurrAaron Burr was born in Newark New Jersey on February 6, 1756, and Burr was educated at what is now Princeton University. Burr joined the Continental Army in 1775, and rose to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. Burr was appointed attorney general of New York in 1789 and served as a United States senator from 1791 to 1797 (Onager CD-ROM). In the Election of 1800, Aaron Burr was the running mate of Republican candidate Thomas Jefferson. Although Burr was running for vice-president, he received as many votes as Jefferson did, and the House of Representatives chose Jefferson as president. After Burrs term as vice-president was over and he lost the race for the governorship of New York, Burr fought Alexander Hamilton in a duel in Weekawhen, New Jersey, on July 11,1804. Aaron Burr killed his political rival, Alexander Hamilton, and his credibility as a politician in that duel. Shortly after the duel, Aaron Burr became involved in a plot known as the Burr Conspiracy. After the sch eme was discovered by Thomas Jefferson, Aaron Burr was arrested for treason. Burr was acquitted after a six-month trial on September 1, 1807. III. Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton was born as an illegitimate child on the Island of Nevis on January 11, 1757. Alexander Hamilton was educated at what is now Columbia University. Hamilton served as a soldier and Washingtons personal secretary during the Revolutionary War. After the Revolutionary War, he studied law in New York and served in the Continental Congress from 1782-1783(Onager CD-ROM). In 1787 Hamilton helped ratify the Constitution in New York, and wrote many of the 85 essays known as the Federalist Papers. In 1789, George Washington appointed Hamilton as the first Secretary of Treasury. As the Secretary of Treasury, Alexander Hamilton devised plans that funded national debts, assumed the states Revolutionary War debts, and established the First National Bank of the United States. Hamilton also influenced many key Federalists in the House of Representatives to make Thomas Jefferson president in the Election of 1800, and was killed in a duel in 1804. IV. Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson was born in Shadwell, Virginia in 1743. Jefferson studied law at the College of William and Mary and became a moderately- successful lawyer. Jefferson served in the House of Burgesses from 1768 to 1775. Jefferson took an active part in the American Revolution. Jefferson wrote a list of grievances known as the Summary of the View of the Rights of British America, he was a Virginian delegate in the First Continental Congress, and wrote the Declaration of Independence. Jefferson became the Governor of Virginia in 1779, and wrote the Notes on the State of Virginia in 1785. Jefferson became a delegate in France in 1785. After Jeffersons return to America he became the Secretary of State. Jefferson became the vice-president in 1796 and became the President of the United States in the Election of 1800. Jefferson was re-elected in 1804, and the Burr Conspiracy took place during Jeffersons second term. V. Election of 1800In the Election of 1800, President John Adams and Charles Pickney were the Federalist candidates, and the Republicans nominated Thomas Jefferson for president and Aaron Burr for vice-president. Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr each polled the same number of votes in the Electoral College because the electors didnt specify, in voting for Jefferson or Burr, which one was president or vice-president. As a result, Jefferson and Burr had the same number of votes for president, and the tie would have to be broken in the House of Representatives. The House of Representatives was dominated by Federalists who had to choose one of the two Republican candidates to be President of the United States. In order to become president one of the candidates had to receive the support of the majority of the state representatives. Alexander Hamilton disliked Thomas Jefferson, but he disliked Aaron Burr more. Hamilton persuaded many key Federalists in the House of Representatives to vote for Jefferson, and Jefferson became the President of the United States. .ua69d3f9811e4f57bacb96565a0cfbda5 , .ua69d3f9811e4f57bacb96565a0cfbda5 .postImageUrl , .ua69d3f9811e4f57bacb96565a0cfbda5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua69d3f9811e4f57bacb96565a0cfbda5 , .ua69d3f9811e4f57bacb96565a0cfbda5:hover , .ua69d3f9811e4f57bacb96565a0cfbda5:visited , .ua69d3f9811e4f57bacb96565a0cfbda5:active { border:0!important; } .ua69d3f9811e4f57bacb96565a0cfbda5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua69d3f9811e4f57bacb96565a0cfbda5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua69d3f9811e4f57bacb96565a0cfbda5:active , .ua69d3f9811e4f57bacb96565a0cfbda5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua69d3f9811e4f57bacb96565a0cfbda5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua69d3f9811e4f57bacb96565a0cfbda5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua69d3f9811e4f57bacb96565a0cfbda5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua69d3f9811e4f57bacb96565a0cfbda5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua69d3f9811e4f57bacb96565a0cfbda5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua69d3f9811e4f57bacb96565a0cfbda5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua69d3f9811e4f57bacb96565a0cfbda5 .ua69d3f9811e4f57bacb96565a0cfbda5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua69d3f9811e4f57bacb96565a0cfbda5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Macbeth By William Shakespeare EssayVI. Jeffersons AimsJefferson was a Republican. Jefferson favored the power of states rights over a strong central government, a strict interpretation of the Constitution, and greater democracy for the people of America (taking political power away from a few aristocrats). Jefferson was also expansionistic. Jefferson wanted America to be a country of farmers, free from the evils of industrialism, and in order to accommodate a country of farmers more land would be needed. VII. Hamiltons AimsHamilton was a Federalist. Hamilton felt that a strong central government along with a national bank and protective tariffs were necessary for America to be a powerful nation. Hamilton also advocated implied powers and a loose interpretation of the Constitution in order to justify extension of federal authority. VIII. Burrs AimsBurr was a Republican and he supported the Republican party platform, but was more than anything an adventurer who favored radical expansion. VIV. The Burr ConspiracyAaron Burr was nearing the end of his term as vice-president, and in 1804 decided to run for the governorship of New York. In his campaign for the governorship of New York, Aaron Burr accepted the support of secessionist Federalists. Alexander Hamilton accused Burr of plotting against the Union, and Burr lost his bid for the governorship of New York(Henretta 240). Burr then challenged Hamilton to a duel, and killed him on July 11, 1804. Burr was indicted on charges of murder in both New York and New Jersey and was forced to flee west in order to avoid prosecution. He then became involved in what is known as the Burr Conspiracy. Burrs intentions are not fully understood, but the plan involved capturing Mexican territory or inciting rebellion in Louisiana in order to establish Louisiana as a separate nation. A co-conspirator, General James Wilkinson, betrayed Burr and told Jefferson about Burrs plot. Jefferson had not trusted Burr during his term as vice-preside nt, and had Burr arrested and indicted on the charge of Treason. Chief Justice John Marshall presided over Burrs trial. John Marshall was eager to show the power of the Supreme Court and to anger Thomas Jefferson who battled the Federalist midnight judges of the Supreme Court. Chief Justice Marshall acquitted Aaron Burr, using a strict interpretation of the Constitutions definition of treason, on September 1, 1807. X. ConclusionThe Burr Conspiracy proved the effectiveness of Americas government (people disliked by the government could not be eliminated by a charge of treason due to the checks and balances of the American government), and revealed possible threats to national unity. BibliographyHenretta, James A., Brownlee Elliot W., Brody David, Ware Susan, And Johnson Marilynn S. Americas History. New York: Worth, 1997. Daniels, Jonathan. Ordeal of Ambition. New York: Doubleday and Company, 1970. Onager, Daniel. Aaron Burr. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. CD-Rom. Redmond: Microsoft, 1999. Chandler, David Leon. The Jefferson Conspiracies. New York:William Morrow,1994. Abernethy, Thomas Perkins. The Burr Conspiracy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1954. BibliographyHenretta, James A., Brownlee Elliot W., Brody David, Ware Susan, And Johnson Marilynn S. Americas History. New York: Worth, 1997. Daniels, Jonathan. Ordeal of Ambition. New York: Doubleday and Company, 1970. Onager, Daniel. Aaron Burr. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. CD-Rom. Redmond: Microsoft, 1999. Chandler, David Leon. The Jefferson Conspiracies. New York:William Morrow,1994. Abernethy, Thomas Perkins. The Burr Conspiracy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1954.

The Idea Of Form Essay Research Paper free essay sample

The Idea Of Form Essay, Research Paper Chapter three The Idea of Form Introduction Plato-when doctrine came of age: we can besides meet the first philosophical system. Philosophic system- cardinal thought or theory that is worked out for all facets of experience. Plato # 8217 ; s Philosophy- world, cognition, moralss, art, faith, cosmetology etc. Plato and Socrates Plato- finest author of ancient Greece.Develops the thoughts of his instructor Socrates through portraitures of Socrates # 8217 ; treatments Plato bit by bit introduced his ain thoughts in topographic point of his instructor. Socratic Problem- where the existent Socrates leaves off and Plato # 8217 ; s ain thoughts begin. The Two World # 8217 ; s: Appearance and Reality Plato introduced the Two -Layer position of world: what appears to be existent and what is existent. Besides known as going and being. Becoming: ever-changing universe around us Being external universe and unchanging world. Why? First, his position is a reaction to his predecessor, Protagora s: # 8220 ; Man is the step of all things. We will write a custom essay sample on The Idea Of Form Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page # 8221 ; OR # 8220 ; a adult male is the step of all things ; of the things that are, that they are, and of the T hings that are non, that they are not.† agencies ; the person is the standard unto himself or herself as to what exists and what doesn’t. Besides to include truth and morality. Whatever you perceive as true or false is true or false. Knows as relativism. Relativism: makes the most of import things relative to and dependent upon the person or because it asserts that the topic is the beginning and criterion of being, truth and goodness. Plato: this was absurd. Our apprehension of being, truth, and goodness must be anchored in some aim ( that exists outside of our ain heads ) , independent ( it is non dependent on anything else for its being ) and absolute ( it does non come or travel or otherwise alteration ) World: There must so be above our heads and beyond this universe another universe, a universe of Reality ( being ) Second: a reaction to another predecessor Heraclitus ( presocratic ) . Heraclitus # 8220 ; The Sun is new mundane # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; We are and we are not. # 8221 ; These are ways in which Heraclitus expressed his position that everything is invariably altering, nil bases still for a minute.

What Does A Relationship Do For An Individual Every Relationship Betw

What does a relationship do for an individual? Every relationship between a male and female change their current status. Having a relationship affected me in many ways in which some are good and some bad. The good and bad sides to having a relationship are lower grades, need of more money, but a better social life. One of the main reasons why students receive lower grades are due to relationships. Having to be able to keep in touch with the one you have feelings for takes time away from your homework andother things you might need to accomplish. Some students may be able to get their priorities straight and stay on track but its highly unlikely. Your homwork piles up little by little and you won't even notice it until the day before all the work is due! That'swhen you'll realize you're behind, but by then it's too late. Money is a key factor to a relationship because in a relationship every couple wants to do things togetherlike watch a movie, eat dinner, or buy him/her a gift. You may be able to stay on track in school, have high grades, etc. but the point is its better when you have a relationship than not having one. Well, for most people anyways. One thing for sure is that you'll have a better social life. You'll have someone to talk to when you have problems and someone to lean on She can be a great comfort to you if the person actually does care for you. If you're going out with a person becausethe person just has a nice physical appearance, than you might not have that luxury, but it is a great convenience for most people. I hope this has informed everyone that read this about the good and bad sides to having a relationship. There are many other reasons to a relationship, but these are the main three things to it, at least for me anyways. My advice to everyone is, wait until you're out of school if you want a good future, because it can really mess your grades up, but if you're willing to be diligent and can live with less sleep then by all means......start a relationship. At least, one that will last.

Free Essays on The Life Of Music Of Sarah Vaughan

Instruments have always been essential to jazz music but one great vocalist one knew how to captivate listeners in such a way that her voice was all that they heard. Sarah Lois Vaughan was born March 27, 1924 in Newark, New Jersey to a family of a non- famous musical background. Vaughan started early with her musical interest by playing piano, sang in the church choir playing the organ by age 12 and attending Arts High School. In 1942, at the age of 18, Sarah and a friend decided to enter an amateur contest in the now famous Apollo Theater in Harlem, New York. Sarah won the prize of ten dollars and a weeks performance at the theater for singing †Body and Soul† but that is not all she won that day. Billy Eckstine, who was at that time a part of Earl â€Å"FATHA† Hines Big Band invited her to be second pianist and a vocalist in this band. By 1944 Hines had decided to form his own band which included Vaughan along with greats like Miles Davis, Dizzy Gillespie, and Charlie Parker and was known for it’s be-bop style music. During this time she made her first recordings and did a duet with Gillespie called â€Å"Lover Man†. Sarah had later made the decision to go solo. â€Å"Sassy† and â€Å"The Divine One† were two of nicknames given to Vaughan and by 1947 she had married trumpeter George Treadwell. In ’49 she had signed with Columbia Records with a five- year contract. It is during this time where it is said Vaughan did most of her â€Å"sweet† or â€Å"commercial† work. In 1954 when her work with Columbia had been finished Sarah signed with Mercury. This was a great move for her, Mercury also had a more jazz based label called EmArcy, leaving Vaughan free to record both â€Å"popular† and her true love jazz. On the EmArcy label, Sarah recorded with artists such as Cannonball Aderly and Count Basie’s Band. On the more commercial side of her music Sarah was making music with her long time friend Billy Eckstine. Many of articles sa... Free Essays on The Life Of Music Of Sarah Vaughan Free Essays on The Life Of Music Of Sarah Vaughan Instruments have always been essential to jazz music but one great vocalist one knew how to captivate listeners in such a way that her voice was all that they heard. Sarah Lois Vaughan was born March 27, 1924 in Newark, New Jersey to a family of a non- famous musical background. Vaughan started early with her musical interest by playing piano, sang in the church choir playing the organ by age 12 and attending Arts High School. In 1942, at the age of 18, Sarah and a friend decided to enter an amateur contest in the now famous Apollo Theater in Harlem, New York. Sarah won the prize of ten dollars and a weeks performance at the theater for singing †Body and Soul† but that is not all she won that day. Billy Eckstine, who was at that time a part of Earl â€Å"FATHA† Hines Big Band invited her to be second pianist and a vocalist in this band. By 1944 Hines had decided to form his own band which included Vaughan along with greats like Miles Davis, Dizzy Gillespie, and Charlie Parker and was known for it’s be-bop style music. During this time she made her first recordings and did a duet with Gillespie called â€Å"Lover Man†. Sarah had later made the decision to go solo. â€Å"Sassy† and â€Å"The Divine One† were two of nicknames given to Vaughan and by 1947 she had married trumpeter George Treadwell. In ’49 she had signed with Columbia Records with a five- year contract. It is during this time where it is said Vaughan did most of her â€Å"sweet† or â€Å"commercial† work. In 1954 when her work with Columbia had been finished Sarah signed with Mercury. This was a great move for her, Mercury also had a more jazz based label called EmArcy, leaving Vaughan free to record both â€Å"popular† and her true love jazz. On the EmArcy label, Sarah recorded with artists such as Cannonball Aderly and Count Basie’s Band. On the more commercial side of her music Sarah was making music with her long time friend Billy Eckstine. Many of articles sa...

A Reaction to Hitler's Table Talk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A Reaction to Hitler's Table Talk - Essay Example It had a very casual atmosphere, conducive to the Fuhrer’s relaxed sharing of his inner thoughts and feelings. The Table Talks therefore reflect Hitler’s most intimate self, not known directly from his public functions and formal addresses. From 1941 to 1942, two notebooks of talks were compiled, published only after World War II. In this short paper, a few lines are taken for comment. This may be an inadequate way to react to these informal talks, but it is still a good start to inspire interest for this important account of his informal monologues. I don’t dream of imposing my philosophy on a village girl Dreams are most intimate to persons, but somehow they can reveal the inner psyche of people. â€Å"Dreams,† in this instance refer not directly to the trancelike state during sleep, but to Hitler’s intention to respect the mind of a village girl, symbolic of the peasants among Germany’s people. Hitler knew he had a philosophy of life to im part to others, but he says he has no intention of coercing anyone to his point of view. If they will believe him, it must be through the rational process of persuasion and re-education. In life, Hitler would show that he had the gift of persuasion, making coercion actually needless insofar as convincing people to his point of view. ... In time, Hitler rose to the pedestal as Germany’s political leader. A biographer of Hitler wrote that at the height of his career, â€Å"for hundreds of thousands, soon for millions, Hitler became an idol whose rise they applauded with convulsive emotion. . . he strides down streets lined with shouting, sobbing people’ (Fest 66). Given the wide popularity and adulation of the people, Hitler in his Table Talks would have thought that imposing ideas on people especially so on a peasant girl would be a needless exercise. Of course, there is another side to Table Talks, and this relates to actual developments brought about by Hitler’s Third Reich. Soon after he gained Chancellorship, concentration camps were set up in order to imprison and later to execute those who opposed the state, including journalists, clergymen, artists, soldiers, etc. Table Talks are therefore one way of saying one thing and doing something different from what are said. I don’t want to force National Socialism on anybody Hitler’s incarceration as a political agitator gave him time to read, reflect and write down his thoughts into a book, the Mein Kampf. While he would admit his book was a confused piece of writing, it would reflect his ideas about National Socialism and its pan-Germanic utopian dream. For Hitler, National Socialism was a grandiose vision, not a simple political movement. Beyond nationalism and socialism, Hitler thought of world change along Darwin’s natural struggle of the fittest, the genetic breeding of a superior German race, and world domination that equals the Bolshevik dream of a communist globe. Hitler thought that the radical ideals of his mind will require subtle mass re-education.

Essay 3 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

3 - Essay Example Siddhartha Gautama was the pioneer of Buddhism and the religion is based on psychological expressions and representations like yoga. The religion is based on several doctrines. Some of these doctrines are the four noble truths, eight-fold path, and ideas of impermanence and anatman The four noble truths are; life is characterized by suffering, suffering is caused by desire or grasping, cease grasping and follow the eight-fold path. The eight-fold path consists of right view, right intention, right speech, right actions, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness and right concentration. Impermanence and anatman relies on the understanding that everything fluctuates and it is dependent upon everything else. During its spread in Asia, Buddhism blended with other cultures in Korea, China and Japan. In China, Buddhists absorbed some sections of Daoism and Confucian religion. In Japan, Buddhism has several denominations like Tendai, Pure Land, Nichiren, Shingon and Zen. In Korea, Buddhism has been absorbed in other religions such as indigenous shamanism, new religions, Christianity, Confucianism and Daoism. Muslims use one sacred book called the Holy Qur’an and the Buddhists use several sacred books. Buddhists concentrate more on the psychological wellbeing than the spiritual wellbeing. In Buddhism, spirituality is attained one when dies and your actions determine what you shall gain. On the other hand, Muslims’ spirituality wellness in the world is the key to attaining eternity. What happens after death is explained differently in each case. Buddhists believe that every being will undergo cycles of transformation according to their actions into other beings. In contrast, Muslims believe that there will be paradise after death, no transformation into other beings will occur. A creator does not exist in Buddhism, existence of such means suffering

Book Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Book Review - Essay Example Allen& Jensen (1995) Pg 5-8, claim that freedom of speech is not supreme in any country and is subject to restrictions such as slander, libel, incitement or obscenity. In this regard, this paper aims to review a book that deals with the First Amendment and some aspects of freedom of expression, the overarching themes and key points made in the chapter, as well response grounded on what I have learned this far about free expression. In addition, I will also explain some of concerns and questions raised by the material. In chapter 3 of Allen & Jensen (1995), pg 11-16 it talks about the first amendment of the United States in terms of the prohibiting the federal, municipal or state to establish religion or have a preference for one religion over another. Subsequently, this law has been interpreted differently in the American history, for example, some say that it separates church and state, in addition to preventing the government from establishing a church. Additionally, it explains th at as long the freedom of religion law does not target a particular religion, then it does not violate the Clause Free Exercise. The congress is also said to have passed an Act called the Religious Freedom Restoration, in which it aimed to restore the standard of religion interest, also known as â€Å"Compelling Interest†. ... He argues that the Act is based on the first amendment unconstitutionally. However, the freedom of speech is recognized in article 19 under Human Rights Universal Declaration as well as in human rights international law in the Covenant on political and civil rights international. Chapter 3 of Allen& Jensen (1995), Pg 21-22, acknowledges that, the Article states that everyone has the right to hold opinions without any interferences, as well as the right to freedom of expression. Therefore, this right includes the freedom to receive, impart, and seek ideas and information of all kinds, either in oral, writing or print. The article also explains that the exercise of such rights also carries unique responsibilities and duties and can therefore be subject to restrictions if necessary. Allen& Jensen (1995), Pg. 22-30 also notes out that under the article 19, the concepts of freedom of press adopted Article 11, freedom of expression stating that free communication of opinions and ideas is t he most important right of every human being. Therefore, every citizen may print, speak, and write accordingly, but should be responsible for any abuse of freedom as law defines. The freedom of expression and speech is recognized in regional and international law of rights, in which the right is confined in Article 19 of international political and civil rights. Allen& Jensen (1995), Pg30- 35 argue that freedom of expression is understood as multi-functional rights which include not only the right to disseminate, or express ideas and information but other aspects like the right to impart, seek and receive information and ideas. Nevertheless, regional, national, and international

Factors Affecting Witness Accounts

Factors Affecting Witness Accounts Witnesses Accounts and the Reality The information given by an informant may vary significantly with the actual information or what happened on the ground. The most basic question that interviewers, weather in the justice system or in research always grapple with is how to know whether the informant is giving the truth (Dean Whyte 1958). It would be difficult to determine whether this information is the actual absolute truth. However, most interviewers use epistemological approaches to detect the level of truth in the interviewees information. Navarro (2012) asserts that the researches that have been conducted over a long period have not come up with a single conclusive modality of truth detection. Witness accounts may also lack a level of truth or may vary from the reality that transpired at the scene of the event. This difference can be motivated by several factors that range from the effects of the environment to psychological factors. This essay examines the main reasons that can lead to a distortion of the witness accounts from the reality. Specifically, the paper looks at the deflection of the truth due to perception and the effect of long-term memory on the accounts given by the witness. Laub (1992) examines the effect of age and long term memory on the ability to reconstruct the happenings of the Holocaust. At the time of the happenings, the author was a small child that had little knowledge of the happenings in the world. It has to be remembered that the events lasted some time and at the time of the witnessing, the author was already an adult. The author appears to have had a precocious development at the initial stage of life, making him to be able to make out the events. Through learning the basics of this event and the impact of age, the author is able to clearly understand the happening as they should have been. The only difference is that the ability to exaggerate or distort the information is quiet high. In the long term memory, the author cannot single out the specific details of each even and has to fill in the missing information from common knowledge. The deflection of the accounts given, in this case, is based on the learning experience on the subject that the witness has had over a period. In (Dean Whyte 1958), this long term effect of learning on the memory of a witness is described as cognitive formulation. The common knowledge here is that what the witness will have learnt over time will cause a difference on the accounts are given and the actual truth. In Callender (2011), the temporal aspects of philosophy are discussed with regards to the existence of the self. In this study, the author opines that there is a possibility of change in individuals over a period whether physical or in mental strength through learning. The discussion about eternalists is also reviewed by this study. It demonstrates the fact that eternalists perception of different times as analogous to the difference in locations. The argument presented by the eternalist here is that different events that occur or exits at different times give the specific ti mes different images. It is, therefore, possible to have a different perception of time and the events that occurred at those times. This spatial difference and learning is what supports the notion that it is possible to have a different of account from the real happening. A prevalent emotion in time also has an effect on the objectivity of the judgment of an agent or individual (Campbell-Sills, Barlow, Brown, Hofmann 2006). At the time of delivering an account of happenings, the emotional component of the witness are likely to impact on the testimony because this was not present at the time of the occurrence of an event. The argument here can take two facets: first it is difficult to give a real simulation of the events that transpired in terms of emotion. Secondly, the impact of the prevailing emotions of another individual could distort the contents of the account. As a result, emotions play a double role in the delivery of the accounts of witnesses both of which are subjective on the long term memory. On rare cases, the judgment of a person to give an objective account despite the subjective effect of the emotions has also taken place. In this case, emotions are not considered but the correct and proper outcome as is the norm is the guiding princi ple. Apart from the emotional context generated in the long term memory of a person through learning, it is possible that the effect of subjective perception could generate a level of difference. In subjective perception, the main idea is that everyone develops a meaning of the world as they so experience it. As a result, the difference in the experiences that have been gathered in the long term memory of individuals could be the cause of difference on the level of perception. In psychology, subjective perception and the resultant impact on the result of surveys is the main reason for disputing the level of accuracy of a research. This notion of subjective perception mainly concerns the researches that are conducted through the use of observation and non-scientific method. The reason for the bias in the observation and non-scientific methods is that each individuals observation would be different from the reality. And this also informs the difference in accounts of eye witnesses. Perception is closely related to the aspect of objectivity in individuals. Coon (2006) illustrates this objectivity role of perception as the ability of one to just recognize and believe what they see. When one sees something, the mind registers the image generated and can recognize the image. Other sensory stimuli information is also perceived by the brain. The sensory input is first received by the appropriate sensor then taken through the recognition process which utilizes the knowledge that is already owned by the individual. The brain compares the input by the data or information that the individual has learnt over time and selects the closest information that the same individual has of the same input. The mechanism of perception is can also be used to explain the idea behind an illusion. It is common knowledge that illusions are things that can be perceived wrongly. The simplest explanation that can be given in illusions is that the senses send a wrong signal to the brain for i nterpretation returning a wrong conclusion. The result of illusions can also weigh in on the major differences of witness account as compared to the reality. This is mainly attributed to the wrong interpretation or the ability of an event to have more than one interpretation The comparison mechanism in perception is the main reason there could a difference in the perception of different persons. It has been known that there are objects which can be perceived in more than one way. Apart from the different perceptions of a similar object, there is a possibility that different persons might have different perceptions. A common example of the difference in perception is the fact that different persons might perceive a similar color in two different ways. This condition is usually referred to as color blindness (Brewer, Heitzeg, 2008). Color blindness is a common reason for the difference of the witness accounts in cases where the witness is required to pin point the actual color of an object. The result is that while the color could be known or perceived singly by many, a witness could give a different account of the same. In perceptual learning, humans tend to develop a habit or a distinct pattern of learning. These patterns of learning if altered could result to the distortion of the information that is received by the individual. According to Coon (2006), these patterns are imparted by the prevalent norms in a society. It also gives an example of an inverted picture of a human head. Most persons walk upright and as such a human mind is accustomed to learning facial differences at an upright posture. Significant differences can be noted if the same picture of a human head were looked at from the two perspectives. The perception mechanism as described in human psychology has two parts that involve the detection and the search mechanisms. According to Shiffrin Schneider (1977), this process can either be automatic or controlled by an individual. Once the attention of a person has been drawn towards some stimuli input, the control of the process is shifted to the brain power. In a controlled perception, the study found out that the mechanism is serialized. It also requires a high level of input by the user which could limit the amount of information one retains in the whole process. In an automatically controlled process, the input of the user is limited and as such much of the processing power of the brain is focused on generating the conclusion of the perception exercise. These two different forms of perception could be the basis of the difference between a witness account and the reality. As notes, if the process was automatically triggered then the witness could end up with much information as it can which could be the truth anyway. However, if the process is controlled by the individual, it is possible that there could be a large amount of information (Shiffrin Schneider 1977) that is left out in the process. The study further explains that it is difficult to ignore, alter or delete from the long-term memory of a person if the perception was automatically instigated. Apart from memory and perception factor, Undue egocentrism is also a factor in deflecting the opinion of the witness that can cause a difference between the account given by a witness and the truth. This argument proposes that the impact of subjectivity on the minds of individuals is the main cause of the distortion of the account. An example of this would be an account given of a vehicle accident. A witness can state that the driver of the vehicle that was swerving was drunk at the time, and nothing else could be affecting the driving. This is an egocentric opinion or emotions that foster the belief that such driving must only be caused by drinking. Studies that have been conducted on the distributive justice judgment indicate that the basis of the conclusion either the norms or the egoistic self-serving notions (Ramsbotham, Miall, Woodhouse 2011). Apart from these forces, egocentrism is also part of the judgment that could lead to a skewed judgment in giving witness accounts. In conclusion, the level of accuracy in most of the accounts given by witnesses would be varied from the truth. At an early age, a witness would give a different account from the account given after a longer period usually in adulthood. The reason behind this level of difference is that as a person grows, the details in the long term memory can be forgotten or lost. Apart from the loss, there is a possibility that the learning process changes the ideas that a person has. The level of knowledge will shape their opinion and how they would have reported the whole event at an early age. It would take a precocious ability to reproduce the exact account owing to the time difference and the learning process. Perception is also an important aspect (Kuehn1974) of the delivery of a witness account. The main reason which can lead to the difference in the accounts given and the reality include the ability of certain objects to have double perception. A possibility of confusion through the illusion is also a factor that could limit the accuracy of the account. As an individual experiences a world from childhood, the experiences are custom to the person and can also affect the accuracy or the information that is given. It is, therefore, important to have the individuals who verify the accounts of witnesses to take into account the impact of all these factors on the truth value of the account. Bibliography BREWER, R. M., HEITZEG, N. A. (2008). The racialization of crime and punishment  criminal justice, color-blind racism, and the political economy of the prison industrial complex. American Behavioral Scientist, 51(5), 625-644. CALLENDER, C. (2011). The Oxford handbook of philosophy of time. Oxford, Oxford  University Press. CAMPBELL-SILLS, L., BARLOW, D. H., BROWN, T. A., HOFMANN, S. G. (2006).  Effects of suppression and acceptance on emotional responses of individuals with anxiety and mood disorders. Behaviour research and therapy, 44(9), 1251-1263. COON, D. (2006). Psychology: a modular approach to mind and behavior. Belmont, CA,  Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. DEAN, J. P., WHYTE, W. F. (1958). How do you know if the informant is telling the truth?.  Human Organization, 17(2), 34-38.   KUEHN, L. L. (1974). Looking down a gun barrel: Person perception and violent crime.  Perceptual and Motor Skills, 39(3), 1159-1164. LAUB, D. (1992). An event without a witness: Truth, testimony and survival. Testimony: Crises  of witnessing in literature, psychoanalysis, and history, 75-92. NAVARRO, J. (2012). The Truth About Lie Detection. Psychology Today.   RAMSBOTHAM, O., MIALL, H., WOODHOUSE, T. (2011). Contemporary conflict  resolution. Polity. SCHNEIDER, W., SHIFFRIN, R. M. (1977). Controlled and automatic human information  processing: I. Detection, search, and attention. Psychological review, 84(1), 1. SHIFFRIN, R. M., SCHNEIDER, W. (1977). Controlled and automatic human information  processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending and a general theory. Psychological review, 84(2), 127.

TV Families and Real Families Essay -- Family, television

As early as 1950, television families have depicted not only the way we live today, but also the way we ought to live (Tueth, 2003). Hence, television has continued to present comedies about family life that ranges from the didactic model of domestic conventionalist and gradually to non-conventionalist ways of life. By conventionalist, I mean the depiction of the â€Å"nuclear† family that consists of clear roles, responsibilities, and gentle lines of authority that flow from the wise dad and understanding mom to the obedient children (Kutalas, 2005). Examples of these types of shows between 1947 to 1990 that constructed more than 60% of family sitcoms included: The Cleavers, The Cosby Show, Father Knows Best, Family Ties, and Growing Pains (Morgan & Signorielli, 1990). The original nuclear families portrayed in shows such as Father Knows Best, were also defined as having a father who was the breadwinner, the rule maker, and the mediator of disputes, a mother who was socia ble, witty, and good natured, and an average of 2.2 children that mostly consisted of boys that were obedient, and when confused, they would find out that father did know best, even about their personal childhood problems. These conventional sitcoms worked as a formula that changed the expectations of viewers who would find these families not only amusing, but instructional and taught moral lessons each episode (Tueth, 2003). And by non-conventionalist ways of life, I mean families which were â€Å"non-nuclear†, such as single parent families and gay families. These types of families made up 40% of the family sitcoms and included shows such as: Who’s The Boss, Kate and Allie, and Modern Family (Morgan & Signorielli, 1990). Making up more than 80% of the dramatic ... ...thin 22-minutes, but they may also view it in a way to learn how to handle certain family or marital problems (Morgan & Signorielli, 1990). Works Cited Bartlett, K. T. (1994) Rethinking Parenthood As an Exclusive Status: The need for Legal Alternatives when the Premise of the Nuclear Family has failed. (pp. 879) Kutulas, J, (2005) Who Rules the Roost?: Sitcom Family Dynamics from the Cleavers to the Osbournes (pp. 49-58) Morgan, M., Sinorielli, N., (1990) Television and the Family: The Cultivation Perspective (pp. 333-347) Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc. Skill, T., Robinson, J., (1994) Four Decades of families on television: A demographic profile 1950-1989, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, Vol. 38, Issue 4 Tueth, M. V., (2003) Back to the Drawing Board: The family in animated television comedy (pp. 133-146)

Nation of Islam Essay

Malcolm X was born Malcolm Little in Omaha, Nebraska in 1925. He was born to a minister father that was a supporter of Black Nationalist Movement leader Marcus Garvey, which resulted in Malcolm experiencing discrimination and racial hatred from an early age. His father was killed and his home burned when Malcolm was young, and Malcolm was jailed in his early twenties after several run-ins with the law following his father’s death. He joined the Nation of Islam in while in prison, and when he was paroled in 1952 he was named the national spokesman for the Nation of Islam. Malcolm X was an outspoken, articulate, charismatic man that used television, radio, and every other form of media available to convey the Nation’s message. He preached for militant stance in the black community and for equal rights for African Americans, â€Å"by any means necessary†. This unwavering stance and militant attitude made some see Malcolm as a threat and he was followed under FBI surveillance until he was assassinated in 1965. He used his charisma and his steadfast beliefs to make the message of the Nation of Islam well known in America and to bring the issue of African American rights to the forefront of American consciousness. His mission later transformed from fighting for African American rights to fighting for equal human rights for every race, and he enforced the same militant stance with his new message. Mahatma Gandhi was a human rights leader like Malcolm X but he delivered his message in a very different way. Born Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, he was given the name Mahatma because it means, â€Å"great soul†. He was born in British-ruled India and practiced law in South Africa which was also ruled by Britain. While in South Africa he began a twenty-year campaign for Indian freedom. Instead of X’s militant, unmoving approach, Gandhi practiced and taught the principles of non-violent resistance. He believed it was more honourable to be jailed for one’s cause than to create violence. He also practiced fasting as a way of conveying his message of peace and non-violence. He returned to India after twenty years and became the leader of the Indian Nationalist Movement. After India was declared independent in 1947, it was divided into India and Pakistan and the two countries rioted against one another. Gandhi began a fast to encourage the leaders to stop fighting. After he fasted for five days, the fighting stopped and the countries were at peace until Gandhi was assassinated shortly after. Until his death, Gandhi epitomized his message to, â€Å"Be the change you want to see in the world†. He saw no value in violence, and thought that the message of non-violence as a way of protest could bring tolerance, peace and unity more effectively than any violent act could. Despite the change in his place of residence and the political climate of his country he stayed true to his message of peace and unity.

A Student Lesson Plan for Writing Story Problems

A Student Lesson Plan for Writing Story Problems This lesson gives students practice with story problems by teaching them how to write their own and solve the problems of their classmates. The plan is designed for third-grade students. It requires 45 minutes and additional class periods. Objective Students will use addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division to write and solve story problems. Common Core Standard  Met This lesson plan satisfies the following Common Core standard in the Operations and Algebraic Thinking category  and the Representing  and Solving Problems Involving Multiplication and Division subcategory. This lesson meets standard 3.OA.3:  Use multiplication and division within 100 to solve word problems in situations involving equal groups, arrays, and measurement quantities, e.g., by using drawings and equations with a symbol for the unknown number to represent the problem. Materials White paperColoring pencils or crayonsPencil Key Terms Story problemsSentencesAdditionSubtractionMultiplicationDivision Lesson Introduction If your class uses a textbook, choose a story problem from a recent chapter and invite students to come up and solve it. Mention to them that with their imaginations, they could write much better problems, and will do so in todays lesson. Instruction Tell students that the learning target for this lesson is to be able to write interesting and challenging story problems for their classmates to solve.Model one problem for them, using their input. Begin by asking for two student names to use in the problem. Desiree and Sam will be our examples.What are Desiree and Sam doing? Going to the pool? Getting lunch at a restaurant? Going grocery shopping? Have the students set the scene as you record the information.Bring the math in when they decide what is going on in the story. If Desiree and Sam are getting lunch in a restaurant, maybe they want four pieces of pizza, and each piece is $3.00. If they are grocery shopping, maybe they want six apples at $1.00 each, or  two boxes of crackers at $3.50 each.Once the students have discussed their scenarios, model how to write a question as an  equation. In the above example, if you want to find the total cost of the food, you may write 4 pieces of pizza X $3.00 X, where X represents the t otal cost of the food. Give students time to experiment with these problems. Its very common for them to create an excellent scenario, but then make mistakes in the equation. Continue working on these until they are able to create their own and solve the problems that their classmates create. Assessment For homework, ask students to write their own story problem. For extra credit, or just for fun, ask students to involve family members and get everyone at home to write a problem, too. Share as a class the next day- its fun when the parents get involved. Evaluation The evaluation for this lesson can and should be ongoing. Keep these story problems bound in a three-ring binder in a learning center. Continue adding to it as students write more and more complex problems. Make copies of the story problems every so often, and collect these documents in a student portfolio. The problems are sure to show the students growth over time.

Pharmaceutical products Essay Example

Preposterous costs of Biotech/ Pharmaceutical products Essay Example Preposterous costs of Biotech/ Pharmaceutical products Paper Preposterous costs of Biotech/ Pharmaceutical products Paper Biotech / Pharmaceutical companies incur huge costs in brining a drug to the market. This paper details the process of drug development right from the stage of preclinical trials to the final stage when the drug gets FDA approval. The paper gives an insight about the costs incurred by the companies in the drug development process. Considering the specific example of Genentechs controversial anti-cancer drug Avastin, its cost is compared with the value it delivers to its customer (a person suffering from cancer). Drug development is a very costly affair which involves high risks. Though the risks in the process of drug development overweigh the benefits, the drug manufacturers are motivated to undertake such a process because of the current patent laws which promise a good reward for a comparatively good product. Moreover, the very survival of many of the pharmaceutical companies world over depend to a large extent on the new products coming out of their pipeline. Thus pharmaceutical companies world over invest billions of dollars every year in the development of new drugs. No doubt they try to get back the money that they invest from their customers. The success rate of developing a new drug is shockingly low. Not every drug tested in the laboratory is launched in the market. A drug has to undergo several stages of development before it is successfully launched in the market. A company has to screen through many thousand compounds that show promising result before it could take on the task of development of a promising compound. This eventually increases the cost of development of drug as many compounds that are tested are discarded in the preliminary stages of development. For every 1,000 compounds that are identified by a company, only about 30 show promising results. And for every 30 compounds that show promise, three get past the first round of clinical trials and finally, only one hit the market. Sometimes compounds are to be dropped off during regulatory approval process. Thus, to introduce one new drug, a company needs to start with many thousands of compounds. (Janodia, Manthan 2007) The process of drug development is a very slow one and it is scrutinized at every stage by the FDA. According to PhRMA (Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America), on an average it takes around 12 to 15 years to develop a new drug. This crawling rate of drug development can be attributed to the numerous stages that are involved in the process of drug development. Even before the drug is tested on humans, it needs to undergo the process of preclinical testing where it is tested on animals. The different phases of preclinical testing preceded by drug discovery consume around 6.5 years. The three phases of clinical trials (before the market launch and FDA approval) require around 7 years. It would take around one and a half years to assess the safety of the drug on healthy volunteers in phase I trials. The effectiveness of the drug needs to be proved in the phase II trials which consumes around 2 years. To confirm the pharmacological actions of the drug and also its effects on long term use need to be studied on a few thousands of humans which requires around three and a half years. Further, one and a half years of post marketing clinical data analysis needs to be done before the FDA approval for the drug could be obtained successfully. Let us now have a look at the different stages of the drug development process.

Choose a quote from a journal article and use it to put forth your own Essay

Choose a quote from a journal article and use it to put forth your own argument - Essay Example The term hegemony, historically, signifies a city, state or country that has exerted power and might over other cities and/or countries, indirectly rather than directly through military rule. Modern day use of the word hegemony refers to a group of people exercising power over another group, suppressing and influencing their existence and aspects of life. A very common example found in society today could be of the wealthy and rich class being able to exercise might over the poor solely due to the latter’s ability to utilize money and wealth to affect elements of society and control the lives of the poor. The subaltern is a highly complex term that is used to refer to certain kinds of dispossessed people who fit the model of the oppressor or the oppressed as the individual so marginalized that he/she does not even carry the ‘voice’ of the oppressed. So we can say that if the oppressor is ‘Other’ and the oppressed is ‘Self’, then the subal tern is the one invisible to both the Other and the Self. Some scholars suggest that the term subaltern reflects the term proletariat. â€Å"Some thinkers use it in a general sense to refer to marginalized groups and the lower classes – a person rendered without agency by his or her social status.† (Young, Robert J.C., 2003). ... Reflecting the concepts of hegemony and subalternty in the Karl Marx’s theory, we can say that the subalterns are under the spell of false consciousness; a state that does not allow them to realize the fact that they are being oppressed by the hegemons, and accept their condition and position in society as fate. They are under the false impression that nothing can absolutely be done to improve their statuses. Since hegemony is practiced through the use of wealth, the hegemons have used the value of their wealth and riches to form a structure called the media and have used it’s influential power to further marginalize and oppress the subalterns. The subalterns are said to have no ‘voice’ and no strength, therefore it is believed impossible for these groups to rebel and earn their positions and statuses. â€Å"There's really no such thing as the 'voiceless'. There are only the deliberately silenced, or the preferably unheard.†Ã‚  (Arundhati Roy). It is clearly evident that the subalterns did not by cause of nature exist in such a marginalized, oppressed and ‘voiceless’ form, rather these characteristics were forced upon them by hegemony. However, according to Karl Marx’s theory, the subalterns will eventually develop a voice for themselves, a rebellious voice and utilize it’s power. Following the theory of Historical Materialism, the subalterns will gradually through a lot of push and pull, emerge out of their state of false consciousness and realize that they are being led falsely astray by their oppressors. The power and influence of wealth and the media will no longer be able to play their roles in creating an illusion of helplessness for the subalterns to believe in; instead

Evaluate the transition from oil based world economy to an economy Essay

Evaluate the transition from oil based world economy to an economy driven by alternative energy sources - Essay Example Further, there have been adverse effects on the environment from using oil. In the last fifty years, industrialization across the world has led to increases in carbon emission, depletion of the ozone layer, melting of ice caps and a general decrease in the quality of life. Besides this, oil is a non-renewable resource. This means that its quantities on earth are limited and will at some point be depleted. This makes the use of oil as a source of energy unsustainable and unreliable. Herald (12) uses the phrase ‘Peak Oil’ to describe the time when the world will reach its peak oil production. This will subsequently lead to decline in oil production and the rise in oil prices, causing a significant, yet unpredictable impact. At the moment, some of these consequences are already being experienced in the world. The amount of oil being produced surpasses the amount of new oil supplies being discovered. This indicates that the peak oil stage is fast approaching. With these fact s in mind, there is a greater need to shift the world economy to one that is dependent on renewable energy sources that can be replenished and which do not harm the environment. The following is an evaluation of the significance of this transition and its link to the economic and political processes of the world and the effects of this new venture on the world climate. To avert the effects of oil shortage on the world economy, there have been collaborative efforts to focus on alternative energy sources. These are other sources of energy besides fossil fuels. According to Michaelides (20), what constitutes to an alternative energy source is still being debated. However, the idea behind the term refers to any energy source that is environmentally friendly and not necessarily renewable. Some of these sources include wind, solar, ethanol, hydroelectric power, geothermal power and nuclear energy. These sources have enormous potential and they are able to meet the world energy demands man y times over. Their uptake despite being on the increase over the years has not yet surpassed that of traditional energy sources. Combined, these sources contribute up to only 20 percent of the world energy demand currently. Wind has been one of the best alternative sources which have become a competitive energy source in the world. It is preferred because is clean energy source and produces no pollution in generating power. Its rebirth was particularly focused on after the 1970 oil crisis. This saw a lot of research being conducted to harness wind and to improve wind turbines. Much more needs to be done to promote the use of wind energy such as the reduction of the cost of equipment, better policies to address the competitive land use and availability of distribution and transmission channels. Energy generation from wind is facing a challenge because it relies on high wind speeds, a factor which is not easily attained in densely populated regions. To tackle this hurdle, countries s uch as the Netherlands are opting to set up wind stations in areas which are far from the population although this requires for increase in distribution costs. Some of the countries that have fronted wind energy and encouraged its use include Spain, USA, Denmark and Germany. Wind energy is fast growing as a replacement for oil and these governments are giving incentives to encourage this

Most effective Leadership & Management Styles & approaches Coursework

Most effective Leadership & Management Styles & approaches - Coursework Example Guiding the work of subordinates and subsequent organizational success requires good knowledge and espousing the dissimilarity between management and leadership. Differences of the models emanate from ascribed roles and expectations. Management is a function that entails frameworks for performing things right whereas leadership is the affiliation that the leader has with groups that can inspire and strengthen the business. In this regard, Managers are enablers of their subordinates’ accomplishment. They provide necessary inputs for productive and successful teams. Managers perform crucial roles of planning, controlling, commanding and coordinating followers. Good management skills offer the transition to participative and consultative operations (Adeniyi, 2010, pp. 64). Managers are rational characters and usually under control problem solvers. Quite often, they concentrate on personnel, goals, structures, and resource availability. Unique personalities of managers include persistence, analysis, strong will, and intelligence. Managers focus on supervising work by controlling subordinates. Most common managerial styles include dictatorship, Autocratic, Authoritative, Transactional Consultative and Democratic approaches to handling situations. Thus, far managing a group requires keen analysis of components and devising appropriate responses. Contrariwise, a leader is anyone among team members with a particular talent, creativity and experience in a certain part of the business. They usually guide colleagues based on capabilities and prove useful to the manager and the team. Good leaders exhibit excellent skills like participative, consultative and transformational approaches while handling followers (Adeniyi, 2010). Their sole focus is an achievement of goals. Effective leaders understand that there is no single best style to manage people. In its place, they acclimatize their

Al Pacino Essay Example for Free

Al Pacino Essay It is with great pleasure and reverence I present to you, Al Pacino. 2) Al Pacino was born on April 25, 1940 in Manhattan, New York. 1) When he was three years old, he and his mother moved to the South Bronx, which he claims as his hometown. 2) In 1966 he was granted admission to the prestigious Actors Studio where he was taught by renowned actor and coach, Lee Strasburg. 3) The lessons paid off quickly for Al Pacino. 4) In 1967 he won an OBIE award (equivalent to an Off-Broadway Tony), and in 1968, he won a Tony award for â€Å"Does the Tiger Wear a Necktie†. ) In 1971, Al got a shot in a feature film called â€Å"The Panic in Needle Park† where he plays a junkie who gets trapped in the ups and downs of dealing heroin. 1) This performance led him into the role that would propel him to greatness, the role of Michael Corleone in The Godfather. 2) The network executives didn’t want Pacino to play the youngest son to Marlon Brando’s Vito Corleone, but at the insistence of Brando, and director Francis Ford Coppola, Al won the part. ) This was the first of four consecutive Oscar nominations, and eight total for his career. 2) After portraying a real New York City undercover detective in Serpico in 1973, and reprising his role as Michael Corleone in 1974’s The Godfather II, Al’s next role was a huge departure from his usual gritty, tough guy roles. 3) In 1975, Al starred as Sonny, a would be bank robber who needs money to get his boyfriend a sex change operation in the movie Dog Day Afternoon. 4) In 1979, Al plays attorney Arthur Kirkland in the movie,†¦and justice for all. Arthur is forced to defend a judge (whom he hates) in a rape trial. Arthur is torn between defending the judge (even though he knows he’s guilty), and human decency. 1) For the next few years, Al’s career had taken a downward turn. 1) Less than expected box office revenues from 1980’s Cruising and 1982’s Author! Author! left many in Hollywood to think the Al had lost his magic. In 1983, screenwriter Oliver Stone and Director Brian De Palma created a vehicle that would launch Al Pacino’s career into the stratosphere. Pacino’s portrayal of Cuban-born drug kingpin Tony Montana in the movie Scarface is legendary Performance was worthy of an Oscar nod, which he didn’t receive. Pacino did finally win his Oscar in 1992. For his spot on performance as retired Army Officer Frank Slade in Scent of a Woman, he won the award, Pacino has done several films since Scent of a Woman, constantly stretching the limits of his craft, and ever bit as masterful today as he was in his heyday of the 1970’s. Al Pacino approaching his 72nd birthday has not slowed down. He is still acting, but not as much for major studio productions, but doing more independent type films and the occasional work on the stage. From a poor kid growing up in the Bronx, to a legendary film icon, Al Pacino has never forgotten his roots, and still claims the Bronx as his home. From having to borrow bus fare to get to auditions, to writing his own ticket, the humble, charismatic star can look back on a career filled with hard work, natural talent and people who believed in him with pride.

The function of flashbacks in Death of a Salesman. Essay -- English Li

The function of flashbacks in Death of a Salesman. Throughout Death of a Salesman flashbacks are used continuously, typically to present the audience with the Loman family's background and show deterioration. In act one we see the first flashback at the beginning of the play. As the play starts to go into flashback the backdrop changes from the present 'Apartment houses' and the 'surroundings become covered in leaves.' The first sign of the Loman's happy past. Willy is talking sense and telling Biff to watch his schooling, giving him good advice, and then he shows his wealth, polishing the car talking about the hammock that Willy is going to buy, to the punch bag that Willy bought his sons. This all seems too good to be true and as the flashbacks are taking place throughout the play we begin to see a tragic hero uncovered, Willy. The flashbacks show his highs from the past but the reality now is his present, and his falls. As the flashback begins to uncover, We see that the past is arriving on stage before the present has left. Ben a character from the past that is dead is present in flashbacks throughout the play. But at the start his presence he is more diffuse as he spreads with all the characters in the flashback. Later Ben is still apparent but only when Willy is alone in a flashback. As the flashbacks are happening in the past, the present is still there. So as Willy is talking to Ben, Linda is confused to who Willy is talking to. The 'laughter of the past' is heard during the play from the woman Willy was having an affair with. This shows Willy conscience, and that he stills thinks about what he did. The stage directions make a point of saying, 'From the darkness', and although this is not a ... ... flashback page 15 when the skyscrapers change to trees and leaves. This shows the environment, which the Loman family used to live in. The function of flashback in Death of a Salesman has proven to be successful. It helps to show the contrast between the past and the present, an insight into Willie's behaviour, and also explains the decline that Willy is experiencing in throughout his life. The variety of moods, location and atmosphere throughout the play and its flashbacks make it easier for the audience to comprehend and get an in sight into the characters personality. This play makes it easy for the audience to relate to the characters and their lives. What the Loman's are going through is a part of reality of which many people have to deal with everyday and so by incorporating flashbacks into the script makes the theme more accessible to understand. The function of flashbacks in Death of a Salesman. Essay -- English Li The function of flashbacks in Death of a Salesman. Throughout Death of a Salesman flashbacks are used continuously, typically to present the audience with the Loman family's background and show deterioration. In act one we see the first flashback at the beginning of the play. As the play starts to go into flashback the backdrop changes from the present 'Apartment houses' and the 'surroundings become covered in leaves.' The first sign of the Loman's happy past. Willy is talking sense and telling Biff to watch his schooling, giving him good advice, and then he shows his wealth, polishing the car talking about the hammock that Willy is going to buy, to the punch bag that Willy bought his sons. This all seems too good to be true and as the flashbacks are taking place throughout the play we begin to see a tragic hero uncovered, Willy. The flashbacks show his highs from the past but the reality now is his present, and his falls. As the flashback begins to uncover, We see that the past is arriving on stage before the present has left. Ben a character from the past that is dead is present in flashbacks throughout the play. But at the start his presence he is more diffuse as he spreads with all the characters in the flashback. Later Ben is still apparent but only when Willy is alone in a flashback. As the flashbacks are happening in the past, the present is still there. So as Willy is talking to Ben, Linda is confused to who Willy is talking to. The 'laughter of the past' is heard during the play from the woman Willy was having an affair with. This shows Willy conscience, and that he stills thinks about what he did. The stage directions make a point of saying, 'From the darkness', and although this is not a ... ... flashback page 15 when the skyscrapers change to trees and leaves. This shows the environment, which the Loman family used to live in. The function of flashback in Death of a Salesman has proven to be successful. It helps to show the contrast between the past and the present, an insight into Willie's behaviour, and also explains the decline that Willy is experiencing in throughout his life. The variety of moods, location and atmosphere throughout the play and its flashbacks make it easier for the audience to comprehend and get an in sight into the characters personality. This play makes it easy for the audience to relate to the characters and their lives. What the Loman's are going through is a part of reality of which many people have to deal with everyday and so by incorporating flashbacks into the script makes the theme more accessible to understand.

Defining God :: Philosophy Essays

Defining God A concept of God can begin at many places. I begin with a search for ultimate origins. Two complementary approaches can be taken: The personal: Where did I come from? The cosmic: Where did the evolving, life-producing world come from? PERSONAL: A quest for God appropriately begins with a two-fold basic experience. The first is the amazement that we are. The most immediate and self-verifying knowledge that we have is the consciousness of our own existence. This realization arises out of the contrast between the undeniable fact that we are "really here" and the recognition that we might not have been at all. Reflection and observation leads to the certainty that there will come a time when we will cease to be. There was a past when we were not, a present when we are, and a future in which we will no longer be. Out of this shock and astonishment arises the question of the factually ultimate origin of this coming to be and passing away. The formal answer to this question is God. To speak of God is to refer to the primordial, objective ground of our personal being. I experience my life as a gift from beyond myself from an Ultimate Source that I call God. The second deep experience is the awareness that it is good to be . The primal response to the gift of life is joy in being. We experience our existence as potentially and essentially good, i. e., capable of producing enjoyable, desirable, and satisfying experiences. The processes of life that fulfill the potential of the organism are experienced as pleasing and agreeable. Goodness is coincident with being. Life with its promise of happiness and joy is a gift to us from some Ultimate Mystery. The delight and ecstasy of life at its best point toward a Loving Giver of what comes to us a pure unmerited favor, grace. COSMIC: Science tells us that our present world has evolved over billions of years from a "big bang." Moreover, the evolutionary process has produced many forms of life. Organisms are highly organized systems composed of mutually sustaining, interacting parts whose harmonious functioning sustains the life of the whole in ways that tend to actualize the potential within it. The processes of life are internally directed toward the survival and flourishing of the individual organism and the perpetuation of the species. The universe appears to have a life-producing, life-fulfilling, and life-reproducing urge and capacity.

Analysis of My Last Duchess and Ulyssis

â€Å"My Last Duchess† is a vivid and striking monologue written in 1842. This poem represents the first part of the joint pieces called â€Å"Italy and France†. The poem consists of twenty eight rhyming couplets that are, in my mind, dominated by iambic pentameter. Robert Browning main tool to use in the poem is breaking the lines for regular and irregular pauses. This tool makes the poem very easy and enjoyable to read, and creates easy conversational flow. The poem begins with the line â€Å"Ferrara†. The readers finds himself in a house of a very wealthy duke with a lengthy title and immense power.At the beginning of the poem we are shown that the duke represents the amazing specially made collection of art he possesses. We hear the voice of the main character when he and his guest stop next to the painting with the duke’s last wife. The narrator starts to describe the painting, though rapidly moving to the describing of the duchess herself. From his m onolog it becomes obvious that the narrator considered his late wife to be also one of his possessions that were commissioned for him according to his will.From the very beginning of the poem the narrator is clear to be portrayed as a person depleted of morality and honesty. The poem shows corruption and wickedness of the speaker's character with this presenting similar traits of the society of that time. The people then wanted to possess everything can be naturally possessed or not. In his poem â€Å"Ulysses† Tennyson transports us to the Victorian times. The poem structure is also a dramatic monologue. Throughout the poem Tennyson uses enjambment in order to reproduce the meaning and content of the poem which is that of sailing beyond death.Tennyson’s poem is deep and resonant, he uses high-sounding verse, particularly by setting different vowel sounds closely against each other. In the poem â€Å"Ulysses† the main character is a hero, a warrior and a famous A ncient Greek traveler. He refuses to sit behind and unwind. His whole life is concerned with traveling, taking on adventures, competing and battling, he simply rejects that a man can be an â€Å"idle king† (Davis). Both of the poems, ‘My Last Duchess’ by Robert Browning and ‘Ulysses’ by Alfred Lord Tennyson, are examples of dramatic monologues.As it was already mentioned above they both exclusively consist of the monologs of the protagonists. In both poems there are powerful noble men ruminating about past, though they are very different. What is also different are the poetic devices used in the poems to present these two main characters. The first difference between the main characters is the way they came into power and how they exercise it. The rich Italian duke has acquired all his riches from the â€Å"nine-hundred-years-old-name†.He was born with lengthy titles, in the family with already established name. In his life he never had to do anything to achieve some position. His whole life he went with the flow, expecting others to admire him and his name and follow his orders. On the contrary, Ulysses has earned his status of a hero after battling in Troy, where he showed his nobility and courage. He is respected by people not because his name tells enough for him and leads to common obedient admiring. They respect him because he is a warrior fighting for Greece.At it can be seen from the previous paragraph the characters of the duke and Ulysses are very different. Even though they both get killed at the end of the poems, the reads see that the ways they took death also says a lot about who they are. Wee see that Ulysses is killed as a hero, while the Duke of Ferrara’s killing is very far from being heroic. What is interesting is that the way the duke was killed was not even personal. Even for his death he gave out orders and expected the job to be done for him.

Distance learning and telecommunications Essays

Distance learning and telecommunications Essays Distance learning and telecommunications Essay Distance learning and telecommunications Essay The process of writing a syllabus is quite an important one owing to the fact that it informs children about the policies that one must adhere to; it also gives details about the mode of operation and the assignments that are due. However, a distance learning syllabus unit requires much more detail than other usual classes in that there are no other ways in which usual learning objectives can be achieved directly. Core objectives The latter syllabus with certain information about when assignments will be handed in, classroom schedules, unanswered questions that is likely to crop up during the process of assigning these issues. The following are the major objectives of this syllabus unit; Clarifying class details Help students decide on staying within a certain lass Give details about the unit To serve as contract between the institution and the students In this latter syllabus unit, there will be details about the instructor. In this case there will be details about the department, fax, phone and fax number of the instructor. This syllabus will contain details about how to contact the instructor. (Pembrook, 2008) The syllabus unit Contact policy: The turnaround time for this course unit will be twenty four hours (i. e. the time that students can contact the instructor after giving notification. This rule applies within Mondays and Fridays. Over the weekends, twelve hour notices will be applicable. Course description: the description of this course in a full manner can be found on the registrar’s office and they are well written within the course catalog. Overly, the course unit will cover all the basic computer information. Required and course materials: the following textbooks will be required for this particular course O’Neil, K. (2008): the ABCs of computer instruction, New York, Routledge Mc Namara, T. (2008) Basic Computer skills, London, McMillan These textbooks will be the core texts and students can contact the instructor in order to know where thy can purchase. Their ISBN numbers will also be given upon contact and as they can be bought online. For this particular course, there will be a need to combine the core texts with other course information. In this case, students can log into my WPI site that will be indicated at the bottom portion of the book. Audio and video clips will be an important part of this course and they will be instrumental in ensuring the success of the program. (Pembrook, 2008) Class schedules: classes here will commence from Thursday and will progress until Sunday. Assignments will be due on Mondays at 1400 hrs GMT. Deadline extensions will be granted only after prior notice given to the instructor and they will lead to prior cancellation of work if done poorly. It should also be noted that all the files handed in must be in . doc format or in Microsoft Word 1997-2003 format. All files must be named in the following format; (number of assignment)-(name of the individual) Students can hand in their assignments in APA, MLA or Harvard referencing styles. They will be required to examine credible sources on how these can be achieved. Learning objectives: At the end of the course unit students need to be bale to do the following Open, create and store files Carry out the latter tasks in different programs Work with spreadsheets Create presentations on PowerPoint Know how to edit, format and add stylistic features in word documents Understand how to utilize other external features Utilize print options Start and run basic applications Assessment and grading: An excellent grad will be one in which all the assignments have been completed and one in which the final exam will be between 80-100 Good-79-60 Fair- 50-59 Poor -49- 0 The final exam will account for sixty percent to grade while the remaining percentage will be divided between the two assignments to be given i. e. twenty percent each. Late assignments will be penalized by ten percent of the overall grade. Technologies: the latter unit will entail use of a series of technologies to facilitate communication between the student and the instructor. Video conferencing will be important and this may involve about of countries. Correspondence will mostly be through mail between the students and the instructor. One way videos will be important too in that recorded material will be viewed across the internet. (Pembrook, 2008) Perhaps one of the most important modes of communication will be computer networking. Here, the internet and local area networks will be particularly useful. First of all, web pages will be important sources, additionally, emails and chat rooms will also be necessary to ask information about certain assignments. On top of these, databases about course contents, and course participants will be found in these respective areas. Reference Pembrook, C. (2008): Distance learning and telecommunications, NJ, Pearson Education

Effective Strategies to Maximize Student Learning Time

Effective Strategies to Maximize Student Learning Time Time is a precious commodity for teachers. Most teachers would argue that they never have enough time to reach every student, particularly the ones that are below grade level. Therefore, every second a teacher has with their students should be a meaningful and productive second.   Successful teachers establish procedures and expectations that minimize wasteful downtime and maximize engaging learning opportunities. Wasted time does add up. A teacher who loses as little as five minutes of instructional minutes per day due to inefficiencies wastes fifteen hours of opportunity over the course of a 180-day school year. That extra time would likely make a significant difference for every student, but particularly those who are struggling learners. Teachers can utilize the following strategies to maximize student learning time and minimize downtime. Better Planning and Preparation Effective planning and preparation are essential in maximizing student learning time. Too many teachers under-plan and find themselves with nothing to do for the last few minutes of class. Teachers should get in the habit of over-planning- too much is always better than not enough. In addition, teachers should always have their materials laid out and ready to go before students arrive. Another important- and often overlooked- component of planning and preparation is practice.  Many teachers skip this essential element, but they shouldnt. Independent practice of lessons and activities allows teachers to work out the kinks beforehand, ensuring that minimum instructional time will be lost. Buffer the Distractions Distractions run rampant during school hours. An announcement comes over the loudspeaker, an unexpected guest knocks on the classroom door, an argument breaks out between students during class time. There is no way to eliminate every single distraction, but some are more easily controlled than others. Teachers can evaluate distractions by keeping a journal over the course of a two-week period. At the end of this period, teachers can better determine which distractions can be limited and formulate a plan to minimize them. Create Efficient Procedures Classroom procedures are an essential part of the learning environment. Those teachers who operate their classroom like a well-oiled machine maximize student learning time. Teachers should develop efficient procedures for every aspect of the classroom. This includes routine activities such as sharpening pencils, turning in assignments, or getting into groups.   Eliminate â€Å"Free Time† Most teachers give â€Å"free time† at some point during the school day. It is easy to do when we may not be feeling the best or we under-plan. But we know when we give it, we are not taking advantage of the precious time that we have with our students. Our students love â€Å"free time†, but it is not what is best for them. As teachers, our mission is to educate. â€Å"Free time† runs directly counter to that mission. Ensure Quick Transitions Transitions occur every time you switch from one component of a lesson or activity into another. Transitions when poorly executed can slow a lesson down tremendously. When done right, they are practiced procedures that are quick and seamless. Transitions are a major opportunity for teachers to gain back some of that valuable time. Transitions may also include changing from one class to another. In this case, students must be taught to bring the correct materials to class, use the bathroom or get a drink, and be in their seats ready to learn when the next class period starts. Give Clear and Concise Directions A major component in teaching is providing your students with clear and concise directions. In other words, directions should be easy to understand and as simple and straightforward as possible. Poor or confusing directions can stymie a lesson and quickly turn the learning environment into total chaos. This takes away valuable instruction time and disrupts the learning process. Good directions are given in multiple formats (i.e. verbal and written). Many teachers select a handful of students to summarize the directions before turning them lose to get started on the activity. Have a Backup Plan No amount of planning can account for everything that could go wrong in a lesson. This makes having a backup plan critical. As a teacher, you make adjustments to lessons on the fly all the time. Occasionally, there will be situations where more than a simple adjustment is needed. Having a backup plan ready can ensure that learning time for that class period will not be lost. In an ideal world, everything will always go according to plan, but the classroom environment is often far from ideal. Teachers should develop a set of backup plans to fall back on should things fall apart at any point. Maintain Control of the Classroom Environment Many teachers lose valuable instructional time because they have poor classroom management skills. The teacher has failed to gain control of the classroom environment and establish a relationship of mutual trust and respect with their students. These teachers are continuously having to redirect students and often spend more time correcting students than teaching them. This is perhaps the most limiting factor in maximizing learning time. Teachers must develop and maintain effective classroom management skills where learning is valued, the teacher is respected, and expectations and procedures are set and met beginning on day one. Practice Procedural Steps With Students Even the best intentions fall by the wayside if students do not truly understand what is being asked of them. This problem can be easily taken care of with a little practice and repetition. Veteran teachers will tell you that the tone for the year is often set within the first few days. This is the time to practice your expected procedures and expectations over and over. Teachers who take the time within the first few days to drill these procedures will save valuable instructional time as they move throughout the year. Stay on Task It is easy for teachers to get distracted and veer off topic from time to time. There are some students who, frankly, are masters at making this happen. They are able to engage a teacher in a conversation about a personal interest or tell a funny story that captivates the classes attention but keeps them from completing the lessons and activities scheduled for the day. To maximize student learning time, teachers must maintain control of the pace and flow of the environment. While no teacher wants to miss out on a teachable moment, you dont want to chase rabbits either.